HomeMy WebLinkAboutFirst Addition to the July 13, 2021 PC Agenda2
4444 Rice Street, Suite A473 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4050 (b) An Equal Opportunity Employer
PLANNING COMMISSION
DONNA APISA, CHAIR HELEN COX, VICE CHAIR GERALD AKO, MEMBER MELVIN CHIBA, MEMBER FRANCIS DEGRACIA, MEMBER GLENDA NOGAMI-STREUFERT, MEMBER LORI OTSUKA, MEMBER
KAAINA S. HULL, CLERK OF COMMISSION
MEMORANDUM
DATE: July 12, 2021
TO: Planning Commission
FROM: Clerk of the Commission
SUBJECT: 1st Addition to the Planning Commission 7/13/2021 Agenda
F. HEARINGS AND PUBLIC COMMENT
2. New Agency Hearing
a. Kaua‘i Habitat for Humanity
5. Letter (7/2/2021) from Jessica Schmidt.
6. Letter (7/3/2021) from Andrew Schmidt.
7. Letter (7/6/2021) from Karen Merchant.
8. Letter (7/7/2021) from Jade Nakamoto.
9. Letter (7/7/2021) from Kathy and Dyle Henderson.
10. Letter (7/7/2021) from Chenoa Myers.
11. Letter (7/7/2021) from Dwight Cabalka.
12. Letter (7/7/2021) from Jonathan Meyer.
13. Letter (7/8/2021) from Kathleen and Dyle Henderson.
14. Letter (7/8/2021) from James Merchant.
15. Letter (7/8/2021) from Don Koch.
16. Letter (7/8/2021) from Raymond Ashman.
17. Letter (7/9/2021) from Randy Finlay, Unlimited Construction.
18. Letter (7/9/2021) from Felicia Cowden, Councilmember, Kaua‘i County
Council
19. Letter (7/9/2021) from Fran McDonald.
20. Letter (7/9/2021) from Dr. Rodney D Stramel, P.h.D.
21. Letter (7/9/2021) from Leona “Ona” Sa McDermott.
22. Letter (7/9/2021) from Ian K. Jung, Attorney, Belles Graham LLP.
23. Letter (7/9/2021) from Linda and Dean Williams.
24. Letter (7/9/2021) from Kenneth C Ramage.
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25. Letter (7/9/2021) from Wallace Rezentes.
26. Letter (7/9/2021) from Parker Hendrick Croft Jr.
27. Letter (7/10/2021) from Jonathan McRoberts.
28. Letter (7/10/2021) from Janice S. Bond.
29. Letter (7/11/2021) from Garry Weber, Chair, Kaua‘i Kailani AOUO.
30. Letter (7/11/2021) from Lawrence Graff, Executive Director, PAL Kaua‘i.
31. Letter (7/11/2021) from Myer J Bornstein.
32. Letter (7/11/2021) from Glenn Head.
33. Letter (7/11/2021) from Jim Edmonds.
34. Letter (7/11/2021) from Todd Hansen.
35. Letter (7/11/2021) from Mark Hall.
36. Letter (7/11/2021) from Donna Rice, Vice President, Habitat for
Humanity.
37. Letter (7/11/2021) from Ashley Conner.
38. Letter (7/12/2021) from Harvest Edmonds, RA.
39. Letter (7/12/2021) from Doug Haigh.
40. Letter (7/12/2021) from Greg Crowe.
41. Supplement #2 to Planning Director’s Report.
4. New Public Hearing
a. Kaua‘i County Council
3. Letter (6/29/2021) from Sam George, President, Board of Directors,
Princeville at Hanalei Community Association.
4. Letter (7/1/2021) from Brad and Pegi Cheatum.
5. Letter (7/1/2021) from Hank Drayton.
6. Letter (7/1/2021) from Robert and Ruby Seidl.
7. Letter (7/1/2021) from Carl Hoglund.
8. Letter (7/1/2021) from Ron Stone.
9. Letter (7/1/2021) from Eugene & Kimber Crowe.
10. Letter (7/1/2021) from Patrick Owens.
11. Letter (7/1/2021) from Kira Moskalionova.
12. Letter (7/1/2021) from Jonathan McRoberts.
13. Letter (7/1/2021) from James & Frances Lee.
14. Letter (7/1/2021) from Bruce Silverglade.
15. Letter (7/1/2021) from Bobby and Kristine Cocke.
16. Letter (7/1/2021) from Gayle Denney.
17. Letter (7/2/2021) from Mike Dennis.
18. Letter (7/2/2021) from Carl V. Pino, Vice President, Ponton Industries Inc.
19. Letter (7/2/2021) from Daniel and Oksana Ersoy.
20. Letter (7/2/2021) from Deborah Pate.
21. Letter (7/2/2021) from Anthony Allen.
22. Letter (7/2/2021) from Janis R. Slack.
23. Letter (7/2/2021) from John and Rosalie Gordon.
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24. Letter (7/2/2021) from John Gordon.
25. Letter (7/2/2021) from Marjory Cameron.
26. Letter (7/2/2021) from Tom Zingale.
27. Letter (7/2/2021) from Bob and Sue Doyle.
28. Letter (7/2/2021) from Ken Rosenthal, MBA
29. Letter (7/2/2021) from Mary Ellen Turk.
30. Letter (7/2/2021) from Deborah Pate.
31. Letter (7/2/2021) from Jane W. Wright.
32. Letter (7/2/2021) from Joanne Little.
33. Letter (7/2/2021) from Elaine Schaefer.
34. Letter (7/2/2021) from Mary Paterson.
35. Letter (7/2/2021) from Nancy Mahon.
36. Letter (7/3/2021) from Glen Aronson.
37. Letter (7/3/2021) from Suzanne Conklin.
38. Letter (7/3/2021) from Matthew Schaller, AIA.
39. Letter (7/3/2021) from Catherine Steinmann.
40. Letter (7/4/2021) from Dorothy and Richard Perry.
41. Letter (7/4/2021) from Jonathan R. Rider.
42. Letter (7/4/2021) from Steve and Marie Erlandson.
43. Letter (7/4/2021) from Susan Humphrey-Barnett.
44. Letter (7/4/2021) from Scott Adair.0
45. Letter (7/5/2021) from Michael F. Parry.
46. Letter (7/5/2021) from Marianne & Ken Minor.
47. Letter (7/5/2021) from Andy and Fran White.
48. Letter (7/5/2021) from Thomas and Kathleen Schmitt.
49. Letter (7/5/2021) from Diane Brenden.
50. Letter (7/6/2021) from L. Osterer.
51. Letter (7/6/2021) from Frank & Marilyn Kelly.
52. Letter (7/6/2021) from Vivian Hager.
53. Letter (7/6/2021) from Mimi Campbell.
54. Letter (7/6/2021) from Judie Hoeppner.
55. Letter (7/6/2021) from John Forrest.
56. Letter (7/6/2021) from Miranda Moss.
57. Letter (7/7/2021) from Laura Williams.
58. Letter (7/7/2021) from Nadya Penoff.
59. Letter (7/7/2021) from Renee Rosemark Harper.
60. Letter (7/7/2021) from John Tillman.
61. Letter (7/7/2021) from Christine Anne Cook, AKA: Mauli Ola Cook.
62. Letter (7/7/2021) from David R. Hill.
63. Letter (7/7/2021) from Hob Osterlund, APRN, Kaua‘i Albatros Network.
64. Letter (7/7/2021) from Sylvia Partridge.
65. Letter (7/7/2021) from Carl J. Berg, Ph.D.
66. Letter (7/7/2021) from Bill Schilling.
67. Letter (7/7/2021) from Carolyn and Mark Frankel.
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68. Letter (7/7/2021) from Bridget Hammerquist, President, Friends of
Mahaulepu.
69. Letter (7/8/2021) from Barbara Penn.
70. Letter (7/8/2021) from Janet Ramatici.
71. Letter (7/8/2021) from Michael (Kip) and Sharon Goodwin.
72. Letter (7/8/2021) from Marj Dente.
73. Letter (7/8/2021) from Diane de Vries.
74. Letter (7/8/2021) from Peter and Su Faklis.
75. Letter (7/8/2021) from Susan Stayton.
76. Letter (7/8/2021) from Alarik and Cynthia Arenander.
77. Letter (7/8/2021) from Dr. Lucy Miller.
78. Letter (7/8/2021) from Anne Thurston.
79. Letter (7/8/2021) from Edelle Sher.
80. Letter (7/8/2021) from Susan Summers.
81. Letter (7/8/2021) from Lanez LaCour.
82. Letter (7/7/2021) from Yoshito L’Hote, President, Kīlauea Neighborhood
Association.
83. Letter (7/7/2021) from Yoshito L’Hote, President, Kīlauea Neighborhood
Association.
84. Letter (7/9/2021) from Lorraine S. Mull.
85. Letter (7/9/2021) from Don Heacock, Kaua‘i Organic Agroeco Systems
(KOA).
86. Letter (7/9/2021) from Thomas Daubert, KNA Volunteer Board Member.
87. Letter (7/9/2021) from Leilani Legaspi.
88. Letter (7/9/2021) from Dr. Laurette De-Mandel Schaller, LMFT, Ph.D., Dr.
Schaller Inc., A Psychological Incorporation.
89. Letter (7/9/2021) from Cheryl Haines.
90. Letter from (7/9/2021) from Felicia Cowden, Councilmember, Kaua‘i
County Council.
91. Letter (7/9/2021) from Meredith Cross.
92. Letter (7/9/2021) from Jane and Kent Oehm.
93. Letter (7/9/2021) from Stefan Ennals.
94. Letter (7/9/2021) from Lisa Insalata.
95. Letter (7/9/2021) from Stanley Fiorito.
96. Letter (7/9/2021) from Michael W. Schwartz, MD.
97. Letter (7/9/2021) from Eric Wright.
98. Letter (7/9/2021) from Lauryn Galindo.
99. Letter (7/9/2021) from Michael Shandling.
100. Letter (7/9/2021) from Petrina Blakely.
101. Letter (7/9/2021) from Petrina Blakely.
102. Letter (7/9/2021) from Zoli Wall.
103. Letter (7/10/2021) from Dana R. Reid.
104. Letter (7/10/2021) from Pamela Burrell.
105. Letter (7/10/2021) from Andrew Pendleton.
106. Letter (7/10/2021) from SOSHui.org.
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107. Letter (7/10/2021) from Ida Mickle.
108. Letter (7/10/2021) from Thomas Allen.
109. Letter (7/10/2021) from Duncan Forgey.
110. Letter (7/10/2021) from Ida Mickle.
111. Letter (7/10/2021) from Carolyn Burkhardt-Padgett M.D.
112 Letter (7/11/2021) from Rory Enright.
113. Letter (7/11/2021) from SDCA Board of Directors: Carolyn Padgett,
President; Janet Ramitici, Treasurer; Les Frank, Vice President; Susan
Barnett, Secretary; Tom Mull, Director at Large.
114. Letter (7/11/2021) from Shelby Cocke.
115. Letter (7/11/2021) from Susan Mings.
116. Letter (7/11/2021) from Randy and Tanize Kotsol.
117. Letter (7/11/2021) from Karen Morales.
118. Letter (7/11/2021) from Lisel Irons.
119. Letter (7/11/2021) from Robert & Lois McErlean.
120. Letter (7/11/2021) from Sherry Pollock.
121. Letter (7/11/2021) from Adam & Erika Calig (and daughter Magic).
122. Letter (7/11/2021) from Bernard Markowicz.
123. Letter (7/11/2021) from Andrew Vastola.
124. Letter (7/11/2021) from Richard and Fradelle Teixeira.
125. Letter (7/11/2021) from Mrs. Lex Brodie.
126. Letter (7/11/2021) from Sharon Britt.
127. Letter (7/11/2021) from Mike & Ela Stewart.
128. Letter (7/11/2021) from Tracy Murakami.
129. Letter (7/11/2021) from Sabina Hudson.
130. Letter (7/11/2021) from Goddard and Shelly Paialii.
131. Letter (7/11/2021) from Melissa Baker.
132. Letter (7/11/2021) from Marilyn Woods.
133. Letter (7/11/2021) from Barbara Levin and David Zacarias.
134. Letter (7/11/2021) from Murray C. Hudson.
135. Letter (7/11/2021) from Jeff Mull.
136. Letter (7/11/2021) from Marie Owens.
137. Letter (7/11/2021) from Louise Barnfield.
138. Letter (7/11/2021) from Lawrence Hornbeck.
139. Letter (7/11/2021) from Carol Andrews.
140. Letter (7/12/2021) from Corinne Travillion.
141. Letter (7/12/2021) from Linda and Cal Henry.
142. Letter (7/12/2021) from Sandra Ughoc-Lew and Albert Baroni.
143. Letter (7/12/2021) from Dana R. Reid.
144. Letter (7/12/2021) from Dwight Cabalka, P.E.
145. Supplement #1 To Planning Director’s Report.
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4. New Public Hearing
b. Tower Kaua‘i Lagoons Sub 1, LLC; 2014 Kaua‘i Lagoons Golf LLC; Tower Kaua‘i
Lagoons Land, LLC; Tower Kaua‘i Lagoons Sub 7.
3. Letter (7/11/2021) from Sleiman Kamal Salibi.
4. Letter (7/11/2021) from Mary Kay Hertog.
5. Supplemental No. 1 Director’s Report.
COUNTY OF KAUA‘I
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Ka‘āina S. Hull
Director of Planning
Jodi A. Higuchi Sayegusa
Deputy Director of Planning
SUPPLEMENTAL No. 1
DIRECTOR’S REPORT
I. SUMMARY
Action Required by
Planning Commission:
Consideration of a Petition to Amend District Boundaries by
Amending Zoning Ordinance No. PM-2009-394, As Amended, to
reclassify approximately 16.8 acres of land, consisting of
approximately 14.2 acres of land currently situated within the
County Zoning Residential District (R-2) into the Residential
District (R-4), and approximately 2.6 acres currently situated
within the County Zoning Resort District (RR-10) into the
Residential District (R-2)
Permit Application Nos. Zoning Amendment ZA-2021-3
Name of Applicant(s) TOWER KAUA‘I LAGOONS SUB 1, LLC
2014 KAUA‘I LAGOONS GOLF, LLC
TOWER KAUA‘I LAGOONS LAND, LLC
TOWER KAUA‘I LAGOONS SUB 7, LLC
II. REVISED DRAFT BILL FOR AN ORDINANCE
A revised draft bill that corrected formatting and drafting errors is attached as Exhibit A.
III. UPDATED CULTURAL IMPACT SURVEY
The Petitioner has submitted an updated “Cultural Impact Assessment for Hokuala Petition
Area, Kalapaki Ahupuaa, Lihu‘e District, Kaua‘i TMKs: [4] 3-5-004: 100-109,” dated July
2021, which updates the cultural impact assessment that was completed in 2005. This
updated assessment is attached as Exhibit B.
Most notably, 29 Native Hawaiian Organizations, agencies, and community members
including descendants of the area were contacted regarding this project. Two parties
responded. Their concerns included: 1) protecting access for gathering, fishing, and
cultural sites along the shoreline; 2) continuing to allow kamaaina to traverse the shoreline;
3) traffic congestion on roads in the immediate vicinity of the project area; and 4)
2 | P a g e
ZA-2020-9 Supplemental No. 1 Director’s Report
County of Kaua‘i, Planning Department
March 10, 2020
establishing a walking and/or biking path on one or both sides of the road that bisects the
project.
Gathering, fishing, and access rights will be minimally affected by this Petition with access
throughout the resort to remain open to the public through its network of roadway and
public accesses illustrated in the Petition’s Exhibit A, Figure 9. Any unforeseen impacts to
traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights, practices, and resources in the Petition
Area should be mitigated.
Mitigation for traffic impacts and a possible walking and/or biking path should be dealt
with during the review of future zoning permit prior to the development.
IV. TIMELINE
The Petitioner submitted an “Entitlements Timeline” that further clarifies the zoning
permits and zoning amendments that were approved up to present. This timeline is
attached as Exhibit C.
V. AGENCY COMMENTS
Additional Agency comments that were received to date are attached as Exhibit D.
Agencies who submitted comments include:
• The Kaua‘i Transportation Agency
• Department of Public Works, County of Kaua‘i
VI. PRELMINARY RECOMMENDATION
Based on the evaluation and conclusion detailed in the Director’s Report and Supplemental
No. 1 Director’s Report including the updated Cultural Impact Assessment, it is
recommended that Zoning Amendment ZA-2021-3 be approved. This report does not
represent the Planning Department’s final recommendation in view of the public hearing
process that is scheduled for July 13, 2021 when the entire record should be considered
prior to decision-making. The entire record should include but not be limited to:
a. Pending government agency comments;
b. Testimony from the general public and interested others; and
c. The Applicant’s response to staff’s report and recommendation as provided
herein.
By _________________________________
JODI HIGUCHI SAYEUGSA
Deputy Director of Planning
Date: ___________________ 7-12-2021
EXHIBIT “A”
Revised Draft Bill
(July 2021)
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ORDINANCE NO. _________ BILL NO. ________
A BILL FOR AN ORDINANCE AMENDING ZONING CONDITIONS IN
ORDINANCE NO. PM-2006-383, AS AMENDED BY ORDINANCE NO.
PM-2009-394, RELATING TO ZONING DESIGNATION IN
NAWILIWILI, KAUA'I
(Tower Kaua‘i Lagoons Sub 1, LLC., 2014 Kaua‘i Lagoons Golf, LLC.,
Tower Kaua‘i Lagoons Land, LLC., Tower Kaua‘i Lagoons Sub 7, LLC.,
Applicant)
BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF KAUA'I, STATE
OF HAWAI'I:
SECTION 1. Ordinance No. PM-2006-383, as amended by Ordinance No.
PM-2009-394, is hereby amended in its entirety as follows:
“SECTION 1. The zoning designation for that certain area of
approximately [66.7] 88.3 acres in Nawiliwili, Kaua'i, identified on zoning map
ZM-NW-400 is hereby amended from Open District (0) to Residential District (R-
2), Residential District (R-4), Resort District (RR-10), and Resort District (RR-20)
on parcels identified by TMK 3-5- 01: por. 27, por. 168, por. 172, and from
Limited Industrial District (I-L) to Residential District (R-20) on TMK 3-5-
01:165, [and] on the maps attached hereto and incorporated herein as Revised Map
3 (9/27/06), [and] Map 3 (Revised September 2009), and Map 3 (Revised __________
2021), subject to the following conditions:
1. Notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary, no more than a total
of (750] 772 dwelling units or hotel/motel rooms (herein referred to as
the "Density Cap") shall be developed on the properties identified
herein including that certain area of approximately 21.6 acres being
rezoned from the Open District (0) to Residential District (R-2) as
reflected on the location map attached hereto and incorporated herein
as Map 3 (Revised September 2009)[.], and that certain area of
approximately 14.2 acres being rezoned from the Residential District
(R-2) to the Residential District (R-4) and approximately 2.6 acres being
rezoned from the Resort District (RR-10) to the Residential District (R-
2) as reflected on the location map attached hereto and incorporated
herein as Map 3 (Revised 2021) and delineated by metes and
bounds descriptions in Attachment A, dated ___ 2021, which is attached
hereto and incorporated as part of Ordinance No. PM-2005-383, as
amended. The affordable housing units constructed within the areas
rezoned herein shall not be counted as part of the Density Cap as long
as the units remain as affordable pursuant to the Agreement (Kaua'i
Lagoons Affordable Housing) between Kaua'i Development LLC and
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the County of Kaua'i, dated February 18, 2005, as amended. For the
purposes of implementing this condition, units are defined as a hotel
room (a suite or room without kitchen facilities) or a combination of
hotel and residential units (a unit with kitchen facilities) for development
within the Resort District (RR-10, RR-20). For development within the
Residential District (R-20) only residential dwelling units are allowed. As
represented, uses situated in the affected areas sought for zoning amendment
shall be limited to the following residential types as described
below.
a. For development within the Resort District (RR-10, RR-20),
multi- family residential units are allowed.
b. Development within the Residential District (R-2) and Residential
District (R-4) shall be limited to single family detached residential
units. No Additional Dwelling Units (ADU) are permitted, and no
guest cottages shall be permitted on those lots developed on the
approximately 21.6 acres that are being rezoned from Open
District (0) to Residential District (R-2), as reflected in the location
map attached hereto and incorporated herein and identified as
Map 3 (Revised September 2009)[.] and on those lots developed on
approximately 14.2 acres being rezoned from the Residential
District (R-2) to the Residential District (R-4) and approximately
2.6 acres being rezoned from the Resort District (RR-10) to the
Residential District (R-2) as reflected on the location map
attached hereto and incorporated herein as Map 3 (Revised
2021) and delineated by metes and bounds descriptions in
Attachment A, dated ___ 2021, which is attached hereto and
incorporated as part of Ordinance No. PM-2005-383, as
amended.
2. As further represented by the Applicant, "...the Open District (0)
portions of the property shall not have any residential density or be used
for the calculation of any residential density on the property. No building
permits shall be issued unless documentation that this restriction on
density has been incorporated into the deeds of the affected property (ies)
has been received by the Planning Department."
3. The Applicant shall comply with, and fully implement all provisions of
the Effluent Use Agreement dated August 14, 2001, entered into between
Kaua'i Lagoons Resort Company, Ltd. and the County of Kaua'i.
Pursuant to the aforementioned agreement, the Applicant agrees to dedicate
free and clear of any liens, and encumbrances, without cost to the County:
a. All land and easements required for the disposal of effluent from
the Lihu'e Wastewater Treatment Plant ("LWWTP");
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b. Approximately 2.22 acres of land for the expansion of LWWTP
c. Approximately 7.1 acres of land in the "Stable Area;"
d. Any other land and easements required for the County's operation
of the LWWTP as may be mutually agreed to between the County
and the Applicant;
e. Prior to conveying ownership of the LWWTP site to the County,
the Applicant shall remove and relocate all golf course irrigation
system improvements, weather station infrastructure and any
related appurtenances from the property. Other than provided
above, all lands conveyed to the County by the Applicant shall be
on an "as is" basis. The Applicant is not aware of any dangerous,
hazardous or environmentally damaging conditions existing on any
of the lands to be conveyed.
The Applicant shall dedicate the aforesaid lands to the County within ninety
(90) days after final subdivision approval of its Subdivision Application
for the subject property currently pending before the Planning Commission.
4. Should the sewer capacity for additional development on the property
exceed 150,000 gallons per day, the Applicant acknowledges that it shall
be subject to any applicable waiting or priority list established by the
County of Kaua'i for such service. No building permits shall be issued
until sewer capacity issues have been resolved with the Department of
Public Works - Wastewater Division.
5. The Applicant shall submit a request to the Planning Commission to cancel
the existing Running Waters Hotel permits, identified as SMA Use Permit
SMA (U)-87-17, Special Permit SP-87-15, Project Development Use Permit
U-87-17, and Class IV Zoning Permit Z-IV-87-59, within 6 months from
the approval of this zoning amendment ordinance.
6. The Applicant shall resolve the provision of affordable housing for this
zoning amendment with the County Council in accordance with the Kaua'i
Lagoons Affordable Housing Agreement dated February 18, 2005 as may
be amended or otherwise determined by the County Council.
7. The Applicant shall allow public access over and across all existing public
vehicular and pedestrian public accessways on the subject property.
Easement documents in favor of the County providing for non-motorized
bicycle access from the public access entrance at Kapule Highway to
eventually connect with "Easement l" on TMK: 3-5-01 por. 102 (as described
in State of Hawai'i Bureau of Conveyances Document No. 90-152880)
shall be executed within one hundred and eighty (180) days from the
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enactment of this ordinance.
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The Applicant shall provide a passive beach park to include public
parking in the vicinity of the former Fashion Landing commercial
area, restroom and shower facilities, recreational shelters, and picnic
areas in the approximate vicinity of the Kiele No. 13 green and the area
commonly referred to as Running Waters Beach.
The aforementioned facilities shall be inclusive of, but not limited to,
the following amenities:
a. Public restrooms and shower facility at the former Fashion
Landing commercial area (beneath restaurant facility);
b. Public restrooms and shower facility near the Running Waters
Beach; picnic shelters (i.e., recreational shelters) to be located
close by; and
c. Weather shelters and picnic tables along the lateral shoreline
access.
Restroom and shower facilities and other public recreational
amenities required in this condition shall be constructed within two
(2) years from the date of the enactment of this ordinance, and shall
be maintained by the Applicant.
The Applicant shall provide lateral shoreline access according to
the 'Roadway and Public Access Plan (dated August 2006),' which is
attached to and incorporated herein as part of this ordinance. More
specific plans shall be submitted for the review and approval of the
County of Kaua'i at the time of Zoning Permit and/or SMA permit
application for the hotel/resort-residential project prior to any
construction of the restroom and shower facilities and other public
recreational amenities referenced above. Facility locations are to be
determined at this time.
As represented by the Applicant, the Applicant shall indemnify,
defend, pay for all attorneys fees and costs, and hold harmless the
County of Kaua'i, its employees, agents, successors and assigns from
any and all injuries and/or property damage that may directly or
indirectly arise from the use by the public of the public access
easements and facilities located on the Applicant's properties identified
herein.
8. All deeds or instruments transferring interest in the subject property,
or in the structures or improvements therein, easements running in favor
of the State of Hawai'i and the Land Use Commission and the County
of Kaua'i shall indemnify and hold the State of Hawai'i and Land Use
Commission and the County of Kaua'i, harmless from any complaints
or claims due to noise, odor, dust, mosquitoes, and other nuisances and
problems emanating from the operation of the Lihu'e Airport and the
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operation of the Lihu'e Wastewater Treatment Plant.
9. No residential, condominium, or hotel units shall be constructed within
areas greater than 60 DNL noise contour of the Lihu'e Airport; provided,
however, that such uses may be permitted within the 60 to 65 DNL
noise contours, if there is an accompanying mitigation of interior noise
to the 45 DNL noise level. The Applicant shall satisfy this condition
with the appropriate State and/or Federal agency at time of submittal
of Zoning Permit and/or SMA Use Permit application.
10. The Applicant shall comply with any height restriction to be set by the
State of Hawai'i pursuant to specifications established in FAA
regulations for aviations easement purposes along the perimeter of the
Lihu'e airport runways.
11. Traffic improvements to intersections or roadways within the Lihu'e
District, as determined by the State Highways Division and/or
Department of Public Works, to mitigate increase in traffic generated
by the proposed hotel/resort residential projects shall be considered
and, as may be appropriate, required by the Planning Commission
at time of consideration of Zoning Permit and/or SMA Use Permit
Application for the proposed hotel/resort-residential project.
12. To minimize adverse impacts to Newell's shearwaters, exterior lighting
fixtures shall be only of the following types: shielded lights, cut-off
luminaries or indirect lighting. The Applicant shall consult with the
Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Kaua'i District (State Department of
Land and Natural Resources), for its specific lighting recommendations.
Up-lighting shall be prohibited and only fully shielded, low profile
lights shall be implemented. Spotlighting of any structures or the ocean
shall be reviewed and approved by the Planning Director.
13. The Applicant, its successors or assigns, shall develop the
appropriate documents and/or agreements for the review of and
approval by the County of Kaua'i that would hold the County of Kaua'i
harmless from any lawsuits relating to noise generated during normal
airport activities at the Lihu'e Airport by any owners, subtenants,
guests, or other users of the rezoned area.
14. An aviation easement in a form prescribed by the State Department
of Transportation shall be granted to the State of Hawai'i by the
Applicant, to cover the entirety of the Kaua'i Lagoons Resort property
owned by the Applicant.
15. The Applicant shall consult with and comply with all
archaeological/historical requirements of the State of Historic
Preservation Division at time of Zoning Permit and/or SMA Use Permit
Applications for the property.
7
16. The Applicant shall comply with all requirements established by the
Department of Public Works regarding grading, grubbing, drainage
and erosion control in order to minimize any adverse impacts to
surrounding properties, to Kalapaki Bay, and to adjoining off-shore
waters during construction and other grading or grubbing activity. The
applicant shall also conduct a drainage study to evaluate the impacts of
increased runoff from the development of residences, parking lots and
other impermeable surfaces and shall implement measures to keep
storm flow rates to levels existing prior to the project construction of
any of the said [750] 772 units.
17. The Applicant shall continue to make available two hundred (200)
off- street parking stalls within the parking lot area described as
"Easement P-1" to the property currently identified as the Kaua'i
Marriott Resort and Beach Club (TMK: 3-5-02: 02) for hotel and resort
purposes.
18. Substantial construction of one hundred twenty-five (125) hotel or
resort/residential units shall be completed within two (2) years from
the effective date of this ordinance. Substantial construction of an
additional one-hundred-twenty-five (125) hotel or resort/residential units
shall be completed within seven (7) years from the effective date of this
ordinance (total of two-hundred fifty units). Substantial construction of
the balance of the seven-hundred-fifty (750) units allowed by this
ordinance, or five- hundred (500) units shall be completed within twelve
(12) years of the effective date of this ordinance. Substantial
construction, as used herein, shall mean the laying of foundations. If
substantial construction is not completed within this timeframe, the
Planning Commission shall initiate proceedings to review the provisions
of the zoning designations for the property.
19. Pursuant to Chapter 4 ("Developing Jobs & Businesses"), Section
4.5.2 ("Supporting Businesses and Jobs for Kaua'i Residents -
Implementing Actions") of the Kaua'i General Plan (November 2000):
"(c) In granting zoning and permits for new resorts and other
businesses, the County shall seek commitments that businesses
will actively recruit and train Kaua'i residents to fill new jobs."
To this end, the Applicant shall seek to actively recruit and train Kaua'i
residents to fill new jobs.
20. To the extent possible within the confines of union requirements and
applicable legal prohibitions against discrimination in employment,
the Applicant shall seek to hire Kaua'i contractors as long as they
are reasonably competitive with other contractors, and shall seek to
8
employ residents of Kaua'i in temporary construction and permanent resort
related jobs. It is recognized that the Applicant may have to employ non-
Kaua'i residents for particular skilled jobs where no qualified Kaua'i
resident possesses such skills. For the purposes of this condition, the
Council shall relieve the Applicant of this requirement if the Applicant is
subjected to anti-competitive restraints on trade or other monopolistic
practices.
21. Prior to or as part of any submittal for any major land use permits for
development associated with this petition or any portion of its resort campus,
the Applicant shall provide the Planning Commission a status report of
applicable conditions of approval under Special Management Area Use
Permit SMA (U)-2005-8, Project Development Use Permit U-2005-26, Use
Permit U-2005-25, and Class IV Zoning Permit Z-IV-2005-30. The status
report shall include but not be limited to:
a. a development schedule of all highway improvements as required
by the State Highways Division;
b. an updated roadway and public access master plan (Figure 9,
Applicant's Petition, November 2005) identifying the location and
availability for use by the general, the public beach access and
associated improvements, and public access for vehicular, pedestrian
and non-motorized traffic that shall be incorporated herein and
referenced to in this zoning ordinance;
c. the location of the additional affordable housing units that are
intended to be required by the subject land use petitions.
22. The Applicant is made aware that during the review of major land use
permits and design, additional shoreline setbacks, height restrictions, and
lot coverage restrictions may be required to mitigate visual impacts along
the coast and to preserve near shore water quality.
23. As represented by the Applicant, the Applicant shall have that certain parcel
of land located in Kalapaki, Hanama'ulu, Lihu'e (Puna), Kaua'i, Hawai'i,
identified by Kaua'i Tax Map Key No. (4) 3-05-001:102 ("Subject Property")
encumbered with a Declaration Of Conservation Restriction (to be
recorded in the Bureau of Conveyances of the State of Hawai'i) which will
contain provisions regulating the development of the Subject Property,
including but not limited to, the following restrictions (hereinafter referred
to as the "Development Restrictions"):
a. No dwelling units shall be allowed within those portions of the
Subject Property located in the 65 DNL or higher noise contours as
shown on that certain map entitled FAR Part 150 5-Year (CY 1991)
Noise Exposure Map for Lihu'e Airport (from the Lihu'e Airport -
FAR Part 150 Noise Compatibility Program, Noise Compatibility
9
Program Report, State Department of Transportation Airports
Division, December 1989) (referred to hereinafter as the "Restricted
Area").
b. Only the following structures or improvements shall be allowed
within the Restricted Area: roads, fences, walls, vegetation and
landscaping, not more than five (5) agricultural accessory buildings,
underground utilities and above-ground facilities associated therewith
(none of which shall exceed five (5) feet in height), irrigation
ditches, no more than two (2) water tanks (neither of which shall
exceed fifteen (15) feet in height), and water wells. No dwelling units
shall be allowed within the Restricted Area.
c. Only agricultural uses shall be allowed within the Restricted Area. No
residential, industrial, resort or commercial uses (except commercial
uses related to agriculture activities) shall be allowed within the
Restricted Area.
d. The Subject Property shall not be subdivided.
e. The maximum number of dwelling units that may be developed on the
Subject Property shall not exceed eleven (11) dwelling units. The
owner of the Subject Property shall have the right to use the dwelling
unit density to which the Restricted Area is eligible, provided that
any and all dwelling units (not to exceed 11) are located on the
portions of the Subject Property outside of the Restricted Area.
f. The Declaration Of Conservation Restriction encumbering the Subject
Property may not be amended in any manner so as to change, modify,
or delete the Restrictive Covenants contained herein without the prior
approval of the Council of the County of Kaua'i.
24. The zoning designation for that certain area of approximately 21.6 acres
in Nawiliwili, Kaua'i identified on zoning map ZM-NW 400 is hereby
amended from Open District (0) to Residential District (R-2), on parcels
identified by TMK: 3-5-01: por. 27, and por. 1 68 and on the map attached
hereto and incorporated herein as Map 3 (Revised September 2009),
subject to the following conditions:
a. With respect to those certain areas in Nawiliwili, Lihu‘e, Kaua‘i,
identified as (i) TMK: 3-5-01: por. 27 consisting of approximately
7.06 acres that has been amended from Open District (0) to
Residential District (R-2), and (ii) TMK: 3-5-01: por. 1 68 consisting of
approximately 1 4.6 acres that has been amended from Open
District (0) to Residential District (R-2) as shown on zoning map ZM-
NW 400 and on the map attached hereto and incorporated herein as
Map 3 (Revised September 2009)[,] and that certain area of
approximately 14.2 acres being rezoned from the Residential District
10
(R-2) to the Residential District (R-4) and approximately 2.6 acres
being rezoned from the Resort District (RR-10) to the Residential
District (R-2) as reflected on the location map attached hereto and
incorporated herein as Map 3 (Revised 2021) and delineated by
metes and bounds descriptions in Attachment A, dated ___ 2021,
which is attached hereto and incorporated as part of Ordinance No.
PM-2005-383, as amended, (hereinafter referred to as the “2009 and 2021
Petition Areas [Area]”), the following conditions shall apply:
b. Notwithstanding the provisions in Condition No. 1.b. of this Ordinance
and as represented by the Applicant, guest cottages and additional
dwelling units shall not be permitted on the lots created within the 2009
and 2021 Petition Areas [Area]. This restriction shall be included in the
deeds for the subject lots, and recorded at the Bureau of
Conveyances. A recorded copy of the deed(s) shall be provided to
the Planning Department.
c. Notwithstanding the provisions in Condition No. 12 of this Ordinance, in
order to minimize adverse impacts on Federally Listed Threatened
Species, such as Newell' s Shearwater and other seabirds, all external
lighting for structures or other improvements within the 2009 and 2021
Petition Areas [Area] shall be limited to the following types:
shielded lights, cut-off luminaries, or indirect lighting. Spotlights
aimed upward or spotlighting of features shall be prohibited.
d. Notwithstanding the provisions contained in Condition No. 16 of this
Ordinance, Best Management Practices shall be utilized during all
phases of development within the 2009 and 2021 Petition Areas [Area] in
order to minimize erosion, dust and sedimentation impacts of the project
to abutting properties. These practices shall be reflected in the
subdivision, grading, construction, or other plans for the Petition Area
that are submitted for permit processing.
e. No application for development (subdivision, grading, etc.) related to
the subject requests for any proposed subdivisions within the
2009 and 2021 Petition Areas [Area] (identified in Figure 6a of the
Applicant's Petition, June 8, 2009, as Subdivision IA, Subdivision
5, and Subdivision 6) shall be accepted for processing by the
Planning Department until such time that the 1 38-acre parcel
identified as TMK: (4) 3-5-01: por. 1 02 is conveyed to the County of
Kaua'i, as represented.
f. Agency comments and concerns as submitted for the subject
petition shall be resolved at the time of the next review conducted
by the Planning Department, be it subdivision or other review.
g. As represented, the 12.0 acre remnant that will be General Planned
"Resort" and surrounding proposed Subdivision 6 within the 2009 and
11
2021 Petition Areas [Area], which currently encompasses the
existing Kiele Golf Course Hole Nos. 6 and 8, shall not be utilized
for any future density calculations purposes, and is only intended
to provide for a more uniform General Plan "Resort"
boundary designation.
h. Additional government agency conditions may be imposed. It shall be
the Applicant's responsibility to resolve those conditions with the
respective agency(ies).
25. The Applicant is advised that additional government agency conditions
may be imposed. It shall be the Applicant's responsibility to resolve
those conditions with the respective agency (ies).
SECTION 2. Upon the completion of recordation with the Bureau
of Conveyances of the State of Hawai'i of the deed conveying the parcel identified
as TMK: 3-5-01: por. 102 consisting of 1 38 acres to the County of Kaua'i, Condition
No. 23 of this Ordinance shall no longer be applicable.
SECTION 3. The zoning designation for that certain area in Nawiliwili,
Kaua'i, identified as TMK: 3-5-01: 27, 82, 83, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, and 120, as shown
on Zoning Map ZM-NW-400 and on the map attached hereto and incorporated herein as
Exhibit ZA-2002-1 , are subject to the amendments in Section 1hereinabove, and
incorporated herein as part of this zoning application.
SECTION 4. Ordinance No. PM-2002-363 is [superceded] superseded.
SECTION 5. The Planning Commission is directed to note the change on the
official Zoning Map on file with the Commission. All applicable provisions of the
Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance shall apply to the area rezoned herein.
SECTION 6. Severability. The invalidity of any word, section, clause,
paragraph, sentence, part or portion of this ordinance shall not affect the validity of any
other part of this ordinance that0.50 can be given effect without such invalid part or parts.
SECTION 7. This ordinance shall take effect upon approval.
SECTION 8. Material to be deleted is bracketed. New material is underscored.
INTRODUCED BY:
(By Request)
DATE OF INTRODUCTION:
Lihu'e, Kaua'i, Hawai'i
Attachment A
Metes and Bounds Property Description
LOT 1
-ITEM ONE:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 100, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the northeasterly side of Lot 2-A-
1-A as shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,496.61 feet
south and 5,027.88 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 180° 40' 30.45 feet along Ho'olaulea Way;
thence along Road Lot B as shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24 on a
curve to the right with a radius of 30.00 feet, the
chord azimuth and distance being:
2. 221° 48' 15" 39.48 feet;
thence, on a curve to the left with a radius of 262.00 feet, the
chord azimuth and distance being:
3. 257° 00' 44" 54.18 feet;
4. 251° 04' 15" 151.09 feet;
5. 00° 00' 142.01 feet along Lot 101 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
6. 100° 57' 34.38 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A;
7. 84° 04' 84.16 feet;
8. 102° 25' 30" 107.44 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.505 acre, more or less.
-ITEM TWO:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 101, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the southeast corner of Lot 100 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,517.56 feet
south and 5,250.26 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 180° 00' 142.01 feet along Lot 100;
2. 251° 04' 15" 26.32 feet along Road Lot B as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
thence on a curve to the right with a radius of 218.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
3. 255° 50' 45" 36.29 feet;
4. 260° 37' 15" 78.94 feet;
5. 00° 00' 158.03 feet along Lot 102 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
6. 61° 17' 30" 12.01 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
7. 81° 11' 30" 96.27 feet;
8. 100° 57' 32.91 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.503 acre, more or less.
-ITEM THREE:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 102, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the southeast corner of Lot 101 as
shown on kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,503.30 feet
south and 5,388.24 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 180° 00' 158.033 feet along Lot 101;
2. 260° 37' 15" 22.03 feet along Road Lot B as shown on Kaua‘i County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
thence on a curve to the left with a radius of 262.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
3. 251° 57' 52" 78.87 feet;
4. 243° 18' 30" 56.01 feet;
5. 00° 00' 172.17 feet along Lot 103 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
6. 88° 27' 79.46 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008 24;
7. 61° 17' 30" 76.77 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.506 acre, more or less.
-ITEM FOUR:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 103, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the southeast corner of Lot 102 as
shown on kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,464.27 feet
south and 5,535.01 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 180° 00' 172.17 feet along Lot 102;
2. 243° 18' 30" 100.00 feet along Road Lot B as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
3. 334° 24' 30" 227.67 feet along Lots 104 and 105 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
4. 83° 54' 84.10 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
5. 88° 27' 104.10 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.640 acre, more or less.
-ITEM FIVE:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 104, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the northwest corner of Lot 105 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,367.89 feet
south and 5,682.16 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 154° 24' 30" 133.84 feet along Lot 103 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
2. 243° 18' 30" 165.63 feet along Road Lot B as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
3. 333° 18' 30" 133.81 feet along Lot 105;
4. 63° 18' 30" 168.20 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.513 acre, more or less.
-ITEM SIX:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 105, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the southeast corner of Lot 103 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,452.52 feet
south and 5,722.69 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 254° 24' 30" 93.83 feet along Lot 103;
2. 243° 18' 30" 168.20 feet along Lot 104 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
3. 153° 18' 30" 133.81 feet;
4. 243° 18' 30" 15.00 feet along Road Lot B as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
5. 333° 18' 30" 276.85 feet along Lot 106 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
6. 66° 40' 57.07 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
7. 82° 55' 30" 122.41 feet;
8. 83° 54' 13.59 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.573 acre, more or less.
-ITEM SEVEN:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 106, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the southeast corner of Lot 105 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24,t he coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,413.39 feet
south and 5,910.09 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 153° 18' 30" 276.85 feet along Lot 105;
2. 243° 18' 30" 15.00 feet along Road Lot B as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
3. 333° 18' 30" 147.96 feet along Lot 107 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
4. 241° 35' 161.63 feet;
5. 333° 18' 30" 140.06 feet along Lot 109 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
6. 61° 35' 45.67 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24;
7. 66° 40' 131.14 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.601 acre, more or less.
-ITEM EIGHT:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 107, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the northwest corner of this parcel of land, being the north corner of Lot 106 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, also being the south side of Road Lot
B as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,159.31 feet
south and 5,799.13 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 243° 18' 30" 161.56 feet along Road Lot B;
2. 333° 18' 30" 143.10 feet along Lot 108 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
3. 61° 35' 161.63 feet along Lot 106;
4. 153° 18' 30" 147.96 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
0.540 acre, more or less.
-ITEM NINE:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 108, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the northwest corner of this parcel of land, being the northeast corner of Lot 107 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, also being the south side of Road Lot
B as shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,086.73 feet
south and 5,943.48 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 243° 18' 30" 108.91 feet along Road Lot B;
Thence on a curve to the right with a radius of 218.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
2. 276° 56' 34" 241.50 feet;
3. 61° 35' 310.12 feet along Lot 109 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008-24;
4. 153° 18' 30" 143.10 feet along Lot 107 to the point of beginning and containing
an area of 0.814 acre, more or less.
-ITEM TEN:-
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713 Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu) situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihu'e, Island and County of Kauai, State of
Hawaii, being LOT 109, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1 as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, and thus bounded and described as per survey dated December
12, 2008, to-wit:
Beginning at the southwest corner of this parcel of land, being the southeast corner of Lot 106 as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,339.72 feet
south and 6,070.67 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 153° 18' 30" 140.06 feet along Lot 106;
2. 241° 35' 310.12 feet along Lot 108 as shown on Kaua‘i County Subdivision
File No. S-2008- 24;
Thence along Road B as shown on Kauai County Subdivision file No. S-2008-24, on a curve to
the right with a radius of 218.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
3. 329° 19' 16" 140.10 feet;
4. 61° 35' 319.87 feet along Lot 2-A-1-A as shown on Kauai County
Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, to the point of beginning
and containing an area of 1.037 acres, more or less.
LOT 1-A
All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by
Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number 7713, Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria
Kamamalu), being PROPOSED LOT 1-A, as shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No.
_________, being also a portion of Lot 2-A-1, as shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No.
S-2019-11 and Lot 5-A as shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-24, situate,
lying and being at Kalapaki, District of Lihue, Island and County of Kauai, State of Hawaii, and
thus bounded and described as per survey dated November 11, 2020:
Beginning at the Northeast corner of this piece of land, being a south corner of Lot 5-A-1, the
coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station
"Kalepa" being 12,761.28 feet south and 6,152.45 feet east, and running by azimuths measure
clockwise from true South:
1. 1° 14' 15" 209.51 feet along Lots 5-A-1 and 2-A;
Thence along the North side of Kahilipulu Way on a curve to the left with a radius of 262.00
feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
2. 77° 39' 42" 129.91 feet;
3. 63° 18' 30" 622.11 feet along the North side of Kahilipulu Way;
Thence along the North side of Kahilipulu way, on a curve to the right with a radius of 218.00
feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
4. 71° 57' 51" 65.62 feet;
5. 80° 37' 15" 100.97 feet along the North side of Kahilipulu Way;
Thence along the North side of Kahilipulu Way, on a curve to the left with a radius of 262.00
feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
6. 75° 50' 46" 43.62 feet;
7. 71° 04' 15" 4.12 feet;
Thence along the East side of Pohaiula Place, on a curve to the right with a radius of 30.00 feet,
the chord azimuth distance being:
8. 116° 04' 15" 42.43 feet;
9. 161° 04' 15" 117.34 feet along the East side of Pohaiula Place;
10. 243° 18' 30" 908.00 feet along the South side of Lot 5-A-1;
11. 260° 07' 30" 162.82 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of
4.604 acres, more or less.
LOT 10-C
described in and covered by Royal Patent Number 4480, Land Commission Award Number
7713, Apana 2, Part 1 to Victoria Kamamalu), situate, lying and being at Kalapaki, Lihue,
County of Kauai, State of Hawaii, being LOT 10-C, and thus bounded and described as per
survey dated September 30, 2008:
Beginning at the west corner of this parcel of land, being the northeast corner of Lot 9-B as
shown on Kauai County Subdivision File No. S-2008-2, the coordinates of said point of
beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "Kalepa" being 13,600.75 feet
south and 5,578.07 feet east, and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South:
1. 245° 32' 93.97 feet along Lot 2-A-1;
2. 258° 49' 304.96 feet;
3. 267° 30' 114.69 feet;
4. 324° 21' 53.29 feet;
5. 19° 10' 205.13 feet;
6. 15° 12' 65.84 feet
7. 10° 35' 30" 73.61 feet;
8. 118° 08' 30" 148.49 feet along Lot 10-B;
9. 96° 12' 75.81 feet;
10. 128° 18' 175.51 feet;
11. 133° 14' 121.01 feet along Lot 9-B to the point of beginning and containing
an area of 2.588 acres, more or less.
EXHIBIT “B”
Updated Cultural Impact
Assessment
(July 2021)
O‘ahu Office
P.O. Box 1114
Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734
Ph.: (808) 262-9972
Fax: (808) 262-4950
www.culturalsurveys.com
Maui Office
1860 Main St.
Wailuku, Hawai‘i 96793
Ph.: (808) 242-9882
Fax: (808) 244-1994
Cultural Impact Assessment for the
Hōkūala Petition Area,
Kalapakī Ahupuaʻa, Līhu‘e District, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and
[4] 3-5-004:100-109
Prepared for
Hōkūala
Prepared by
Kellen Tanaka, B.A.
David W. Shideler, M.A.
and
Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc.
Kailua, Hawai‘i
(Job Code: KALAPAKI 7)
July 2021
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
i
Management Summary
Reference Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī
Ahupuaʻa, Līhu‘e District, Kauaʻi TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168
por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 (Tanaka, Shideler, and Hammatt
2021)
Date July 2021
Project Number(s) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) Job Code: KALAPAKI 7
Agencies County of Kaua‘i
Land Jurisdiction Private, Hōkūala
Project Proponent Private, Hōkūala
Project Location The project area is in the southeast portion of the Hōkūala Resort lands
approximately 500 m (1/4 mile) inland (north) of Nāwiliwili Bay, about
midway between Kūki‘i Point and Ninini Point and approximately 300
m west of the south end of the coastal runway of Līhu‘e Airport. The
project area is depicted on a portion of the 1996 Lihue quadrangle U.S.
Geological map (Figure 1) and several other figures.
Project Description The proposed project is a Petition for County Zoning Amendment to
amend the zoning designation from R-2 to R-4 for an inland portion of
the Hōkūala Resort property to allow for higher density development at
the proposed Subdivisions 1 and 1A (14.2 acres in the aggregate) while
significantly reducing the allowable density of a RR-10 parcel
(approximately 2.6 acres) in the vicinity to R-2. As a result of this
petition, there is no increase to the entitlement cap of 772 units for the
Hōkūala Resort.
Project Acreage The project area is approximately 16.8 acres or 6.80 hectares
Document Purpose This cultural impact assessment (CIA) was prepared to comply with the
State of Hawai‘i’s environmental review process under Hawai‘i
Revised Statutes (HRS) §343, which requires consideration of the
proposed project’s potential effect on cultural beliefs, practices, and
resources. Through document research and cultural consultation efforts,
this report provides information compiled to date pertinent to the
assessment of the proposed project’s potential impacts to cultural
beliefs, practices, and resources (pursuant to the Office of
Environmental Quality Control’s Guidelines for Assessing Cultural
Impacts) which may include traditional cultural properties (TCPs).
These TCPs may be significant historic properties under State of
Hawai‘i significance Criterion e, pursuant to Hawai‘i Administrative
Rules (HAR) §13-275-6 and §13-284-6. Significance Criterion e refers
to historic properties that “have an important value to the native
Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to
associations with cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out,
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
ii
at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or
oral accounts—these associations being important to the group’s history
and cultural identity” (HAR §13-275-6 and §13-284-6). The document
may also support the project’s historic preservation review under HRS
§6E and HAR §13-275 and §13-284. The document is intended to
support the project’s environmental review and may also serve to
support the project’s historic preservation review under HRS §6E-8 and
HAR §13-284.
This Cultural Impact Assessment study was prepared to support the
Petition for County Zoning Amendment
Results of
Background
Research
Background research for this study yielded the following results,
presented in approximate chronological order:
1. The original moku (district) for the study area covered in this
report was Puna, which means “spring of water.” Līhu‘e
(literally translated as “cold chill;” Pukui et al. 1974:132)
became the modern political name for the traditional moku of
Puna. According to Ethel Damon (1931:402), the name Līhu‘e
was first applied to this area by Kaikio‘ewa, Governor of Kaua‘i
in the 1830s, perhaps after Kaikio‘ewa’s upcountry residence on
the island. This late derivation of the name has been recently
disputed (Griffin 2012:46).
2. The ahupua‘a (traditional land division usually extending from
the mountains to the sea) of Kalapakī is described as a land
division and a beach in Pukui et al. (1974:75), but no meaning is
presented. Pukui and Elbert (1986:122) define the word kalapakī
(with a small “k”) as “double-yoked egg, Kaua‘i.” Kalapakī was
also the name of a village located along the coast. According to
Hammatt and Creed (1993:22), Land Commission documents
demonstrate that the “village of Kalapakī” was synonymous with
the “‘ili [traditional land division smaller than an ahupua‘a] of
Kuuhai.” According to a collection of Kaua‘i place names by
Kelsey (n.d.), Kalapakī was also known in traditional times as
“Ahukini.”
3. The traditional kaʻao (legends) mention numerous place names
associated with the area. The place name Līhu‘e is mentioned in
the “Legend of Uweuwelekehau” (Fornander 1918-1919:5:196–
197). In the mo‘olelo (story), “The Goddess Pele,” two place
names in the vicinity of the present project area are mentioned,
Ninini and Ahukini (Rice 1977:14). In “The Menehunes,” Ninini
is also mentioned as a favorite place for the sport of jumping off
cliffs into the sea (Rice 1977:44).
4. In pre-Contact and early historic times, the ahupua‘a of
Kalapakī was permanently inhabited and intensively used. At
the coastal areas were concentrations of permanent house sites
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
iii
and temporary shelters, heiau (pre-Contact place of worship),
ko‘a and kū‘ula (both types of relatively small shrines dedicated
to fishing gods), and numerous trails. The kula (dry inland
areas) of these ahupua‘a contained native forests and were
cultivated with crops of wauke (paper mulberry, Broussonetia
papyrifera), ‘uala (sweet potatoes, Ipomoea batatas), and ipu
(bottle gourd).
5. There were three heiau in Kalapakī, Ahukini (sometimes written
Ahuhini) near Ahukini Point, Ninini Heiau near Ninini Point,
and an unnamed heiau near Kūki‘i Point. Ninini Heiau (SIHP
No. 100) and Ahukini Heiau (SIHP No. 101) were both
described by Bennett as totally destroyed. Damon (1931:398)
lists four heiau, Kalapakī, Ahukini, Ninini, and Pohako‘ele‘ele,
so it is possible that the unnamed heiau was called
Pohako‘ele‘ele.
6. Traditional fishing villages were once located near the seashore
at Kalapakī, east and north (around and up the coast) of Kalapakī
Beach (500 m to the west of the present study area). Loko
(fishponds) and small drainages were inland of these settlement
areas.
7. Land Commission documents indicate a land use pattern that
may be unique to this part of the island, or to Kaua‘i in general,
in which lo‘i (irrigated taro patch) and kula lands are described
in the same ‘āpana (lot), with houselots in a separate portion. In
most places, kula lands are defined as drier landscapes, and they
do not typically occur next to, and among, wetter lo‘i lands.
Also, according to Hammatt and Creed (1993:23), “there are
several [LCA] references to other lo‘i next to the beach which
indicate wetland cultivation extending right to the shoreline.”
This is another type of land use that seems to be fairly unique to
Kaua‘i.
8. Victoria Kamāmalu was awarded the ahupua‘a of Hanamā‘ulu
and Kalapakī under Land Commission Award (LCA) 7713:2.
The Victoria Kamāmalu award (LCA 7713:2 part 7) includes all
the land within the present project area. There were no
commoner awards anywhere nearby. The locations of kuleana or
commoner land claims of the Māhele (1848-1853) in Kalapakī
Ahupua‘a are clumped in two areas, along the floodplain of the
north side of Nāwiliwili Stream (just back from the coast, south
of Rice Street) and on the shore, back from Kalapakī Beach of
Nāwiliwili Bay.
9. There were 13 claims in Kalapakī, of which 12 were awarded.
The cultivation of taro (kalo; Colocasia esculenta), the major
staple, was along the Nāwiliwili Stream flood plains and along
the smaller brooks of Kalapakī and Koenaawa where there were
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
iv
springs. The house lots in Kalapakī were at the shore. The only
crop other than kalo mentioned specifically in Kalapakī is
wauke. Additionally, more than one claim in Kalapakī mentions
the fishponds of Koenaawa. Two streams—Koenaawa nui and
Koenaawa iki—are identified in the claims but neither is named
on current maps. Most Kalapakī claimants lived, however, at the
shore in the “kulana kauhale” or village of Kalapakī, located
behind Kalapakī Beach on Nāwiliwili Bay. Several of the
claimants describe their village house lots in relation to the
fishponds of Koenaawa (Koenaawainui and Koenaawaiki).
There is also a description of the muliwai or estuary of
Koenaawanui.
10. Following the death of Victoria Kamāmalu in 1866, her lands
were inherited by Princess Ruth Ke‘elikōlani. In 1870,
Ke‘elikōlani sold large portions of her Kalapakī and Līhu‘e
lands to William Hyde Rice of Lihue Plantation. William Hyde
Rice made subsequent land purchases from Princess Ruth in
1879 including a large makai (seaward) section of the ahupua‘a
of Kalapakī and there conducted the Lihue Ranch. In later years
he sold most of this land to the plantation (Damon 1931:747).
11. A State Archives document listed only as Land Matters,
Document 11 mentioned that the konohiki (headman of an
ahupuaʻa land division under the chief) had proprietary rights to
fish caught in the bay. Document No. 11 lists ana‘e (mullet;
Mugil cephalus) as the protected fish of Hanamā‘ulu, and uhu
(parrot fish; Scarus perspicillatus) for Kalapakī. These protected
fish are part of the konohiki resources, which he or she would
use to meet his/her obligations to superior chiefs, governors/
governesses and the King or Queen.
12. Pigs, sweet potatoes, and salt, among other items, were traded to
the earliest sailing vessels arriving in Hawai‘i (post 1794) and it
is likely that in Līhu‘e District, as elsewhere, the production of
these items increased beyond the needs of the immediate family
and their expected contributions to their chiefs during this period
of early visiting voyagers.
13. The plantation at Līhu‘e was first established in 1849 by Henry
A. Pierce; Judge Wm. Little Lee, the chairman of the Land
Commission; and Charles Reed Bishop. It became Lihue
Plantation in 1850. A steam-powered mill was built in 1853 at
Lihue Plantation, the first use of steam power on a Hawaiian
sugar plantation. Another important innovation at Līhu‘e was
created in 1856, when William H. Rice completed the 10-mile-
long Hanamā‘ulu Ditch, the first large-scale irrigation project for
any of the sugar plantations (Moffatt and Fitzpatrick 1995:103).
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
v
14. Plantation labor was brought in from many countries and these
new laborers brought some of their own cash crops. Rice
production was an off-shoot industry of the sugar plantation in
the 1870s, since many of the new Chinese plantation workers
began to grow rice for themselves and then for trade with
California. Japanese immigrants, by the end of the nineteenth
century did the same and took over many of the Chinese rice
paddies. In general, rice planters used abandoned taro fields, but
made the patches larger than the traditional taro lo‘i. This is
probably true of the Kalapakī floodplain.
15. A series of maps and aerial photographs indicate the project area
was a sea of commercial sugar cane between 1910 and 1965
16. During the second half of the twentieth century the project area
was a portion of Kalapakī lands transformed by resort
development on Kaua‘i. The Kauai Surf Hotel on Kalapakī Bay
was developed by Inter-Island Resorts in 1960. Then in 1970,
the adjacent Kauai Surf Golf Course opened. Subsequently, in
the mid-1980s, these Kalapakī properties were sold or leased to
Hemmeter-VMS Kauai Company, which began development of
the Westin Kauai Lagoons Resort on approximately 850 acres.
In 1991, the Kauai Lagoons Resort was sold to Shinwa Golf
Kabushiki Kaisha, which operated the resort and golf courses
under Kauai Lagoons Resort Company, Ltd. The approximately
700-acre property, including the present project area, was
acquired by Kauai Development LLC and KD Golf Ownership
LLC in 2004 and the resort prospers into the twenty-first century
as “Hōkūala.”
Results of
Community
Consultation
CSH attempted to contact 29 Hawaiian organizations, agencies, and
community members by mail, e-mail and telephone. To date CSH has
received two responses.
Jan TenBruggencate, President, Mālama Hule‘ia responded as follows:
One issue of concern to the community is likely the increased traffic
congestion on the roads in the immediate vicinity of the area of
increased density.
This is a popular area for people walking for exercise. Currently
dozens to perhaps hundreds of people daily walk recreationally on
the pavement on the east-west road that bisects this area. That is a
valued and appreciated activity for our community. People walk
individually, with families, with young children on bicycles, with
baby strollers. Many walk while listening to music and podcasts,
making them potentially less aware of traffic. Bicycle riders also
frequently use this area.
The project could avoid conflicts by establishing a walking and/or
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
vi
biking path out of the lane of traffic on one or both sides of that
road. I believe offering that amenity could reduce community
concerns about the increased density.
Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos, Community Relations Specialist for the
Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)
Ms. Santos stated that her main concern is protecting access for
gathering, fishing, and cultural sites along the shoreline. She noted
that ‘ohana (families) from Nāwiliwili and Niumalu gather and fish
along the coast. She mentioned that traditionally the area was used by
kama‘āina (native born) to traverse to the shoreline. She also asked
if the project proponents put in a road, will people be allowed to use
the road to access the shoreline ?
Ms. Santos noted that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people have
been dependent on subsistence including fishing. She also mentioned
that during the COVID-19 pandemic, fisherman have complained
that homeless who have been living in the area along the shore have
been leaving their ʻōpala (rubbish).
Ms. Santos recommended that CSH reach out to Lenny Rapozo,
Facility Manager at County of Kaua‘i Department of Parks and
Recreation. She noted that Mr. Rapozo’s mother’s ‘ohana are from
the area and he grew up fishing in the area.
As a standard practice it is recommended that:
1. Project construction workers and all other personnel involved in
the construction and related activities of the project should be
informed of the possibility of inadvertent cultural finds, including
human remains. In the event that any potential historic properties
are identified during construction activities, all activities should
cease in that area and the SHPD should be notified pursuant to
HAR §13-280-3. In the event that iwi kūpuna (Native Hawaiian
skeletal remains) are identified, all earth moving activities in the
area should stop, the area cordoned off, and the SHPD notified
pursuant to HAR §13-300.
2. In the event that iwi kūpuna and/or cultural finds are encountered
during construction, cultural and lineal descendants of the area
should be consulted to develop a reinterment plan and cultural
preservation plan for proper cultural protocol, curation, and long-
term maintenance.
Analysis The following analysis is a summary of Section 9.4. Based on
information gathered from the cultural and historical background, and
community consultation for this project, no culturally significant
resources were identified within the project area. At present, there is no
documentation or testimony indicating traditional or customary Native
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
vii
Hawaiian rights are currently being exercised “for subsistence, cultural
and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua‘a tenants who are
descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands
prior to 1778” (Hawai‘i State Constitution, Article XII, Section 7)
within the project area. While no cultural resources, practices, or beliefs
were identified as currently existing within the project area, Kalapakī
Ahupua‘a maintains a rich cultural history in the exercise of traditional
or customary Native Hawaiian rights within the project ahupua‘a.
The archaeological record in Līhu‘e District indicates a date range of ca.
AD 1100 to 1650 for early Hawaiian occupation (Walker, Kajima and
Goodfellow 1991). As pointed out by Franklin and Walker (1994),
important ahupua‘a with large rivers lie north and south of Kalapakī
(Franklin and Walker 1994:17). Adjacent to the north, Hanamā‘ulu
offered an extraordinary bay and an extensive and broad river flood
plain. To the south are located the broad Hulē‘ia River Valley and the
ahupua‘a of Ha‘ikū. Kalapakī Ahupua‘a thus may have had less varied
pre-Contact resources than the larger neighboring ahupua‘a.
In pre-Contact Hawai‘i, the coastal zone of Kalapakī and Hanamā‘ulu
was the locus for permanent habitation, heiau, and numerous major
cross-ahupua‘a and inter-ahupua‘a trails. There were fishponds at
Kalapakī, and major garden activities were within the valley floodplain
on the north side of Nāwiliwili River. In the dryland areas (kula) crops
of wauke, sweet potatoes, gourds and trees were likely but no traces of
these crops have been documented to date.
The Māhele records, archeological surveys and ethno-historical
accounts confirm that in traditional Hawaiian times, habitation was
tightly focused just back from the shoreline of Kalapakī Beach at
Nāwiliwili Bay with intensive irrigated agriculture focused on the north
side of the Nāwiliwili stream valley. At the shoreline, activities
included the farming of fishponds and homes. Mauka, the Nāwiliwili
stream valley contained the ahupua‘a lo‘i kalo and some wauke
gardens.
During the mid-nineteenth century, the Māhele claims describe small
villages just back from the shore at both Kalapakī Beach of Nāwiliwili
Bay and neighboring Hanamā‘ulu Bay. The claims report a fishpond at
the shore in Kalapakī. The total number of lo‘i mentioned in Kalapakī
was 56, the number of houses was 9, and there were 5 kula lands
mentioned (Mitchell et al. 2005:26).
All known heiau for Kalapakī Ahupua‘a (there is evidence of four:
Ninini, Ahukini, Pohakoelele, and one at Kūki‘i Point) were
immediately coastal. The coastal zone distribution of heiau seems quite
normative for Kaua‘i ahupua‘a other than those of Wailua and Waimea.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
viii
There are several references to kapa (bark cloth) in the legends, one in
particular where the tapa is being made to give as a wedding gift. There
may well have been additional wauke plantations on the plains in the
pre-Contact period in Kalapakī Ahupua‘a.
Archaeological remains of a terrace and midden along the Kalapakī
coast (Hammatt 1998) indicate other, at least intermittently used,
shoreline habitations existed that were not included in the Māhele
records. Shorelines are also traditional burial areas.
Inland, in areas of Kaua‘i like Kilohana Crater, birds were caught for
food (Damon 1931, story of Lauhaka). Typically, kuleana holders
would have had access to wood and herbs in the uplands and in the
mountains the bird catchers and canoe makers would have had
temporary shelters but the present records are silent on these activities
for Kalapakī.
The coastal plains, back from the coast and away from potable water,
like the present project area, were typically less intensively utilized in
traditional Hawaiian times. Utilization likely focused on dryland
cultigens – such as sweet potatoes, dryland taro, wauke, ti leaf, and
possibly banana, particularly in more mauka areas. Timber and
medicinal plants may also have been available for gathering. Annual
rainfall at the neighboring Līhu‘e Airport station is 997 mm (39.25
inches) (Giambelluca et al. 2013) which is suggested to be marginal for
non-irrigated agriculture. The rainfall gradient is substantial; with
Kilohana (the Kukaua Station, Giambelluca et al. 2013) receiving
annual rainfall of 2,490 mm. Thus dry land planting areas further mauka
were almost certainly more attractive. We have little detail on the
environment before Lihue Plantation activities, but the Lt. George G.
Jackson (RM 902) description of the immediate vicinity as “Level grass
land with volcanic boulders” seems likely. The inland coastal plains
may have been savannah lands where grasses like pili were harvested
for construction purposes.
There are no records of major trails running through the project area.
Such trails within Kalapakī would likely have been located more mauka
or makai quite close to the shoreline.
An Archaeological Assessment (Hammatt 1990), identified no
archaeological resources in the project area.
Historical records, maps and photographs, and archaeological fieldwork
support that sugarcane cultivation and development of plantation
infrastructure was the dominant land use within the project area and
surrounding lands. The documented pattern in the vicinity (Shideler and
Hammatt 2021:30) is that historic properties are immediately coastal. It
is certainly possible that there was traditional Hawaiian and early
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
ix
historic period land use further inland and that the traces of this were
simply lost as a result of decades of intensive sugar cane cultivation but
it seems that the pattern of traditional Hawaiian land use was very much
in the Hanamā‘ulu stream valley (well to the northwest) and Nāwiliwili
stream valley (well to the west) where the LCAs overwhelmingly were,
and immediately along the coast particularly back of Kalapakī Beach at
Nāwiliwili Bay.
Ms. Cheryl Lovell-Obatake, kama‘āina of Kalapakī and cultural
specialist, was interviewed by CSH on October 20, 2005. When Ms.
Lovell-Obatake spoke of archaeological sites she spoke of “the coast
and Kalapakī Point” (Mitchell et al. 2005:23)
Seemingly no burials have been previously documented within a
kilometer of the project area (Shideler and Hammatt 2021:33). Wendell
C. Bennett briefly references burials in his “Site 103. Dune burials. In
the sand dunes that run along the shore halfway between Hanamaulu
and Wailua River are many burials.” (1931:125). This locus of burials is
well to the north. At least some burials would be expected at Kalapakī
but these would be expected to be almost exclusively in the Jaucus
sands immediately adjacent to the coast. Both the distance from the
coast and the Lihue silty clay (LhB) and Lihue gravelly silt clay (LIB)
soils of the project area (Foote et al. 1972:) would not have encouraged
burial there.
Ms. Lovell-Obatake specifically noted that she “never heard of any
burials in the vicinity of the present area of study” (Mitchell et al. 2005:
23).
Activities associated with faunal resources have and continue to be
focused on marine resources. Ms. Cheryl Lovell-Obatake expressed her
concern for marine resources and Ms. Sabra Kauka for fisherman using
the coast (Mitchell et al. 2005: 24-25). Ms. Kauka also expressed her
concern for Shearwater birds:
Fourthly, I go to mālama the rare Shearwater birds that lay
their eggs in the rock walls, boulders and bushes along the
coast. I have been taking my 3rd and 4th grade students
from Island School to count, capture, weigh, measure, and
return the chicks to their nesting sites for the past two
years. We have a special permit from the Department of
Land & Natural Resources, State Forestry Division, to do
this work. Last year we counted 38 chicks there. This year,
unfortunately, a predator has eliminated them. We don’t
know what predator it is but we couldn’t find any chinks.
This bird is very important to me and my students because
it teaches them the connection between the kai and the
‘aina. It teaches them that what humans do at sea and on
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Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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the land affect other life on earth. If the birds have
nowhere to nest, their species will die. If they have not fish
and squid to eat, if man overharvests the ocean, the birds
will have nothing to eat. They are an indicator that there is
still fish in the sea for them and for us. There is still land
for them and for us. [Mitchell et al. 2005: 24]
The Shearwater nesting is understood as immediately coastal. No
evidence of sea bird nesting has been reported for the project area. No
accounts of hunting have been identified in association with this project
area.
The project area is maintained in a mowed lawn of exotic grasses with
some landscaping with coconut trees, naupaka and loulu palm.
Virtually no native vegetation is believed to be present (other than
planted for landscaping purposes)
In traditional times, trails were well used for travel within the ahupua‘a
between mauka and makai and laterally between ahupua‘a. A historical
trail system existed on Kaua‘i which often ran well inland
(approximating modern Kaumuali‘i Highway and Kūhiō Highway
effectively acting as a short cut for travel between ahupua‘a. A coastal
trail would have been used for access to marine resources and
recreation, but this would have been quite close to the coast.
Cheryl Lovell-Obatake spoke of “sacred trails that run from Nāwiliwili
side coming from Kalapakī Point along the coast.” But these were
understood to be quite close to the coast (Mitchell et al. 2005:23).
Doubtlessly there were major mauka / makai trails but these would have
been anticipated to be focused on connecting centers of habitation, like
inland of Kalapakī Beach to the uplands.
There are no records of trails running through the vicinity of the project
area (Mitchell et al. 2005:27).
Storied places in the vicinity would have included the four Kalapakī
heiau: Ninini, Ahukini, Pohakoelele, and one at Kūki‘i Point) as well as
the cove of Kalapakī Beach and Nāwiliwili Stream. Further inland,
Kilohana was a storied landform. The vicinity of the present project
area was relatively featureless and no wahi pana in the immediate
vicinity are known.
The project area was a sea of sugar cane of the Lihue Plantation for
many decades. Since the end of sugar cane cultivation the land has
pretty much part of the resort development and has largely been
maintained in a lawn of exotic grasses as part of the active resort.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Management Summary
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
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Ka Pa‘akai Analysis In Ka Pa‘akai vs Land Use Commission, 94 Hawai‘i (2000) the Court
held the following analysis also be conducted:
1. The identity and scope of valued cultural, historical, or
natural resources in the project area, including the extent to
which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are
exercised in the project area;
2. The extent to which those resources—including traditional
and customary native Hawaiian rights—will be affected or
impaired by the proposed action; and
3. The feasible action, if any, to be taken to reasonably protect
native Hawaiian Rights if they are found to exist.
Based on information gathered from the cultural and historical
background, and community consultation for this project, no culturally
significant resources were identified within the project area. At present,
there is no documentation or testimony indicating traditional or
customary Native Hawaiian rights are currently being exercised “for
subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua‘a
tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the
Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778” (Hawai‘i State Constitution, Article
XII, Section 7) within the project area. While no cultural resources,
practices, or beliefs were identified as currently existing within the
project area, Kalapakī Ahupua‘a maintains a rich cultural history in the
exercise of traditional or customary Native Hawaiian rights within the
project ahupua‘a.
Given the location well-back from the coast, with no notable landforms
in the vicinity, the relatively low rainfall, the absence of potable water,
the prior land history of intensive sugar cane cultivation with frequent
plowing of the entire project area and the prevailing vegetation regime
dominated by the maintained lawn of a resort it is concluded that no
traditional and customary native Hawaiian Resources will be affected
by the proposed action.
No adverse impact on cultural resources or practices is anticipated. No
other customary resource has come to light in the historic background
research, fieldwork or in the consultation outreach.
The consideration of traditional and customary Native Hawaiian
practices in this study does document some of the resources and
practices on coastal lands, and across the airport runway to the northeast
and emphasizes the import of consideration of these practices for any
development activities that may be proposed there.
Both cultural informants Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos, and Mr. Jan
TenBruggencate, stressed the importance of public access both to access
the coast for fishing and gathering of marine resources and simply for
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Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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recreation (walking, biking). It is recommended that public access not
be impeded by the proposed petition area changes. This issue of access
was not directly related to traditional Hawaiian trail alignments per se
but does reflect a traditional pattern of access to the coast across what
was traditionally a relatively open “level grass land with volcanic
boulders here and there”
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Table of Contents
Management Summary ............................................................................................................ i
Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Document Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Ka Makani (Winds) ................................................................................................................ 8
1.4.3 Ka Ua (Rains) ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.4 Nā Kahawai (Streams) .......................................................................................................... 10
1.4.5 Lihikai ame ka Moana (Seashore and Ocean) ...................................................................... 10
Section 2 Methods .................................................................................................................. 13
2.1 Archival Research ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.2 Community Consultation ............................................................................................................. 13
2.2.1 Scoping for Participants ........................................................................................................ 13
2.2.2 “Talk Story” Sessions ........................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Completion of Interview ....................................................................................................... 14
Section 3 Ka‘ao and Mo‘olelo ................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Ka‘ao ........................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Legend of Uweuwelekehau .................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 The Goddess Pele.................................................................................................................. 16
3.1.3 The Menehunes ..................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Wahi Pana ................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Place Names .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.2 Heiau (Pre-Christian Place of Worship) ............................................................................... 18
3.3 ʻŌlelo Noʻeau .............................................................................................................................. 18
3.3.1 Ōlelo No‘eau # 838 ............................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Ōlelo No‘eau # 2467 ............................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Oli (Chants) ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.4.1 Pele ....................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Mele (Songs) ................................................................................................................................ 21
3.5.1 Lihu‘e .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2 Maikaʻi Kauaʻi ...................................................................................................................... 23
Section 4 Traditional and Historical Background .............................................................. 24
4.1 Pre-Contact Settlement Patterns .................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Early Historic Period ................................................................................................................... 24
4.3 The Māhele and the Kuleana Act ................................................................................................ 26
4.4 Late 1800s .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.5 1900s ............................................................................................................................................ 29
4.6 Contemporary Land Use .............................................................................................................. 32
Section 5 Previous Archaeological Research ....................................................................... 41
5.1 Early References to Kalapakī Archaeology ................................................................................. 41
5.2 Modern Archaeological Studies................................................................................................... 41
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Section 6 Field Inspection Results ........................................................................................ 49
Section 7 Community Consultation ...................................................................................... 58
7.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 58
7.2 Community Contact Letter .......................................................................................................... 58
7.3 Community Responses (received to date).................................................................................... 64
Section 8 Traditional Cultural Practices.............................................................................. 65
8.1 Habitation and Subsistence .......................................................................................................... 65
8.2 Marine Resources ........................................................................................................................ 66
8.3 Mo‘olelo and Wahi Pana ............................................................................................................. 67
Section 9 Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................ 69
9.1 Results of Background Research ................................................................................................. 69
9.2 Results of Community Consultations .......................................................................................... 71
9.3 Impacts and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 71
9.4 Ka Pa‘akai Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 72
9.4.1 Kalapakī Ahupua‘a ............................................................................................................... 72
9.4.2 The Project Area Vicinity ..................................................................................................... 73
9.4.3 The Extent to which Traditional and Customary Native Hawaiian Resources will be
Affected by the Proposed Action ......................................................................................... 75
9.4.4 Feasible Action, if any, to be Taken to Reasonably Protect Native Hawaiian Rights .......... 76
Section 10 References Cited .................................................................................................. 77
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Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Portion of the 1996 Lihue USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing
the location of the project area .......................................................................................2
Figure 2. Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 3-5-001 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK 2014) ......3
Figure 3. Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 3-5-004 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK 2014) ......4
Figure 4. Aerial photograph of the project area (ESRI Aerial Photograph 2016) .........................5
Figure 5. Portion of a 1996 Lihue USGS topographic quadrangle map, with overlay of
Soil Survey of the Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of
Hawaii (Foote et al. 1972; USDA SSURGO 2001), indicating soil types within
and surrounding the study area ......................................................................................7
Figure 6. Kalapakī Bay, showing location of two streams and their outlets (red Xs) to
Kalapakī Bay; Koena‘awa stream is on the left (undated photograph in Kaua‘i
Museum files, see http:www.hawaii.edu/environment.ainakumuwai.htm) .................11
Figure 7. Location of LCA claims in Kalapakī Ahupua‘a relative to the present project
area (base map: 1996 USGS Lihue quadrangle topographic map) ..............................27
Figure 8. Portion of 1881 map of Nāwiliwili Harbor by Lt. George G. Jackson (RM 902)
showing the area of Kuki‘i Point to Ninini Point with the project area depicted
in an area of “Level grass land with volcanic boulders here and there” ......................30
Figure 9. 1910 Lihue Quadrangle USGS topographic map showing the project area .................31
Figure 10. 1939 Map of Lihue Plantation showing the project area as at a confluence of
fields 30A, 30B, 31 and 32 ..........................................................................................33
Figure 11. 1941 Lihue Plantation field map showing the project area as at a confluence of
fields 30A, 30B, 31 and 32 (Condé and Best 1973:168) .............................................34
Figure 12. 1950 USGS Aerial Photograph of Kalapakī showing the project area as under
commercial sugar cane cultivation (UH MAGIS) .......................................................35
Figure 13. 1959 USGS Aerial Photograph of Kalapakī showing the project area as under
commercial sugar cane cultivation (UH MAGIS) .......................................................36
Figure 14. Portion of 1963 Lihue USGS topographic quadrangle showing the project area ........37
Figure 15. 1965 USDA Aerial Photograph of Kalapakī showing the project area as under
commercial sugar cane cultivation (UH MAGIS) .......................................................38
Figure 16. Undated “Map of Lihue Plantation with Lessees” produced by the Lihue
Plantation Company showing a lot configuration (the present project area is
partially in “Lot 4”) not reflected on other maps (the map references “Stadium
Vidinha” and it is understood Lihue Stadium was not so named until after 1976) .....39
Figure 17. 1978 USGS orthophotoquad aerial photograph, Lihue Quadrangle showing the
project area as within former sugarcane fields on the northeast but mostly in a
new golf course development ......................................................................................40
Figure 18. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area (Base map:
1996 Lihue Quadrangle USGS topographic map) .......................................................42
Figure 19. Previously identified historic properties in the vicinity of the project area (Base
map: 1996 Lihue Quadrangle USGS topographic map) ..............................................45
Figure 20. View of the west end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to northeast ....................50
Figure 21. View of the west end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to southeast ....................50
Figure 22. View from the central portion of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to southwest .....51
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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Figure 23. View from the central portion of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to NNE ............51
Figure 24. View of the east end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to northwest ....................52
Figure 25. View of the east end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to southwest....................52
Figure 26. View of the west end of the central Subdivision 1, view to northeast .........................53
Figure 27. View of the west end of the central Subdivision 1, view to southeast .........................53
Figure 28. View from the central portion of the central Subdivision 1, view to west ...................54
Figure 29. View from the central portion of the central Subdivision 1, view to east ....................54
Figure 30. View of the east end of the central Subdivision 1, view to west ..................................55
Figure 31. View of the east end of the central Subdivision 1, view to southeast ..........................55
Figure 32. View of southern Parcel 10C, view from southern causeway to large eastern
island, view to northeast ..............................................................................................56
Figure 33. View of southern Parcel 10C, view from large eastern island to west .........................56
Figure 34. View of southern Parcel 10C, from southwest side of the large eastern island,
view to northeast ..........................................................................................................57
Figure 35. View of southern Parcel 10C, from north side of the large eastern island, view to
south .............................................................................................................................57
Figure 36. Community contact letter page one ..............................................................................61
Figure 37. Community contact letter page two ..............................................................................62
Figure 38. Community contact letter page three ............................................................................63
List of Tables
Table 1. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area ..................................43
Table 2. Previously identified historic properties in the vicinity of the project area .....................46
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Introduction
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
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Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Project Background
At the request of Hōkūala, Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) has prepared this Cultural
Impact Assessment (CIA) for the Hōkūala redevelopment of Subdivision 1, Subdivision 1A and
Lot 10C project within the Hōkūala Resort area in Kalapakī Ahupuaʻa, Līhu‘e District, southeast
Kauaʻi (TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109). The project area
is in the southeast portion of the Hōkūala Resort lands approximately 500 m (1/4 mile) inland
(north) of Nāwiliwili Bay, about midway between Kūki‘i Point and Ninini Point and
approximately 300 m west of the south end of the coastal runway of Līhu‘e Airport. The project
area is depicted on a portion of the 1996 Lihue U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute
topographic quadrangle (Figure 1), tax map key (TMK) plats (Figure 2 and Figure 3), and a 2016
aerial photograph (Figure 4).
The proposed project is a Petition for County Zoning Amendment to amend the zoning
designation from R-2 to R-4 for an inland portion of the Hōkūala Resort property to allow for
higher density development at the proposed Subdivisions 1 and 1A (14.2 acres in the aggregate)
while significantly reducing the allowable density of a RR-10 parcel (approximately 2.6 acres) in
the vicinity to R-2. As a result of this petition, there is no increase to the entitlement cap of 772
units for the Hōkūala Resort.
1.2 Document Purpose
This CIA was prepared to comply with the State of Hawai‘i’s environmental review process
under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) §343, which requires consideration of the proposed
project’s potential effect on cultural beliefs, practices, and resources. Through document research,
this report provides information compiled to date pertinent to the assessment of the proposed
project’s potential impacts to cultural beliefs, practices, and resources (pursuant to the Office of
Environmental Quality Control’s Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts) which may include
traditional cultural properties (TCPs). These TCPs may be significant historic properties under
State of Hawai‘i significance Criterion e, pursuant to Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-
275-6 and §13-284-6. Significance Criterion e refers to historic properties that
have an important value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group
of the state due to associations with cultural practices once carried out, or still
carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or
oral accounts—these associations being important to the group’s history and
cultural identity. [HAR §13-275-6 and §13-284-6]
The document may also support the project’s historic preservation review under HRS §6E and
HAR §13-275 and §13-284.
This Cultural Impact Assessment study was prepared to support the Petition for County Zoning
Amendment
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Introduction
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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Figure 1. Portion of the 1996 Lihue USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing the
location of the project area
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Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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Figure 2. Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 3-5-001 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK 2014)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Introduction
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Figure 3. Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 3-5-004 showing the project area (Hawai‘i TMK 2014)
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Figure 4. Aerial photograph of the project area (ESRI Aerial Photograph 2016)
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1.3 Scope of Work
The scope of work for this cultural impact assessment includes the following:
1. Examination of cultural and historical resources, including Land Commission documents,
historic maps, and previous research reports, with the specific purpose of identifying
traditional Hawaiian activities including gathering of plant, animal, and other resources or
agricultural pursuits as may be indicated in the historic record.
2. Review of previous archaeological work at and near the subject parcel that may be relevant
to reconstructions of traditional land use activities; and to the identification and description
of cultural resources, practices, and beliefs associated with the parcel.
3. Outreach to potentially knowledgeable parties with a request to share any concerns
regarding cultural and natural resources and practices at or near the project area; present
and past uses of the project area; and/or other practices, uses, or traditions associated with
the parcel and environs.
4. Preparation of a report that summarizes the results of these research activities and provides
recommendations based on findings.
1.4 Environmental Setting
The project area—lying between 80-feet and 120-feet amsl—lies within the Līhu‘e depression
or basin. Of the area’s volcanic history, Macdonald, Abbot, and Peterson note,
Lava flows of the Koloa Series cover about half the surface of the eastern part of
the island. They form the entire floor of the Lihue basin except for two small
kipukas of Waimea Canyon rocks (Aaohoaka hill and Puu Pilo) that protrude
through them west of the gap through which the Wailua River crosses the Kālepa
Nounou Ridge […] The greatest exposed thickness of Koloa lavas is 650 meters,
in the east wall of Hanalei Valley; but they may be even thicker in the Lihue basin
and along the southern edge of the island, where their base is not exposed.
[Macdonald et al. 1983:460–461]
The project area is situated on the southeast coast of Kaua‘i and is exposed to the prevailing
northeast trade winds generally from 10-20 miles per hour. Annual rainfall at the neighboring
Līhu‘e Airport station is 997 mm (39.25 inches) (Giambelluca et al. 2013) which is suggested to
be marginal for non-irrigated agriculture.
1.4.1 Ka Lepo (Soils)
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO)
database (2001) and soil survey data gathered by Foote et al. (1972), the project area’s soils consist
of Lihue silty clay (LhB) and Lihue gravelly silt clay (LIB) (Foote et al. 1972: Sheets 30 &31;
Figure 5).
Lihue Series soils are described as follows:
consists of well-drained soils on uplands on the island of Kauai. These soils
developed in material weathered from basic igneous rock. They are gently sloping
to steep. Elevations range from nearly sea level to 800 feet. […] These soils are
used for irrigated sugarcane, pineapple, pasture, truck crops, orchards, wildlife
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Introduction
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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Figure 5. Portion of a 1996 Lihue USGS topographic quadrangle map, with overlay of Soil
Survey of the Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii
(Foote et al. 1972; USDA SSURGO 2001), indicating soil types within and
surrounding the study area
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Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
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habitat, woodland, and homesites. The natural vegetation consists of lantana,
guava, koa haole, joee, kikuyugrass, molassesgrass, guineagrass, bermudagrass,
and Java plum. [Foote et al. 1972:82]
Lihue silty clay (LhB) soils are further described as “on the tops of broad interfluves in the
uplands” and “Permeability is moderately rapid. Runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is no more
than slight” (Foote et al. 1972:82).
Lihue gravelly silt clay (LIB) soils are further described as “contain[ing] ironstone-gibbsite
pebbles and has brighter colors in the B horizon” (Foote et al. 1972:83).
1.4.2 Ka Makani (Winds)
Makani is the general Hawaiian term for the wind. A‘e loa is another of the Hawaiian names
given to the prevailing northeasterly trade winds (Nakuina 1992:138) along with Aʻe (Pukui and
Elbert 1986:3), Moa‘e, and Moaʻe Lehua (Pukui and Elbert 1986:249). In the traditional story The
Wind Gourd of La‘amaomao, Pāka‘a and his son Kūapāka‘a are descendants of the wind goddess
La‘amaomao whose traditional home was in a wooden calabash (bowl), a gourd that also contained
all of the sacred winds of Hawaiʻi. Laʻamaomao controlled and called forth the winds by chanting
their names (Nakuina 1992). Kūapāka‘a’s chant traces the winds of Kaua‘i. He calls upon the wind
named called Waikai of the ahupua‘a (traditional land division usually extending from the
mountains to the sea) of Kalapakī (Nakuina 1992:53). Pukui & Elbert (1986:350) define wai kai
as “brackish water, salty water.” The portion of Kūapākaʻa’s chant mentioning winds of the moku
(district) of Līhu‘e is presented below:
Paupua is of Kipu,
Ala‘oli is of Hule‘ia,
Waikai is of Kalapaki,
Ka‘ao is of Hanama‘ulu,
Waipua‘a‘ala is the wind
That knocks down hale of Konolea,
Wai‘opua is of Wailua,
[Nakuina 1992:53]
1.4.3 Ka Ua (Rains)
Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing wai
(fresh water) on local flora. Pre-Contact kānaka (Native Hawaiians) recognized two distinct annual
seasons. The first, known as kau (period of time, especially summer) lasts typically from May to
October and is a season marked by a high-sun period corresponding to warmer temperatures and
steady trade winds. The second season, hoʻoilo (winter, rainy season) continues through the end
of the year from November to April and is a much cooler period when trade winds are less frequent,
and widespread storms and rainfall become more common (Giambelluca et al. 1986:17). Each
small geographic area on O‘ahu had a Hawaiian name for its own rains. According to Akana and
Gonzalez (2015),
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Rain names are a precious legacy from our kūpuna [elders] who were keen
observers of the world around them and who had a nuanced understanding of the
forces of nature. They knew that one place could have several types of rain, each
distinct from the other. They knew when a particular rain would fall, its color, its
duration, its intensity, its path, its sound, its scent, and its effect on the land and
their lives […] Rain names are a treasure of cultural, historical, and environmental
information. [Akana and Gonzalez 2015:n.p.]
The moku of Līhu‘e was no exception to the practice. Two rains were associated with Līhu‘e:
the Pa‘upili and the Kenikeni. Other rain names associated with the area include the ‘Ala and the
Lihau.
1.4.3.1 Pa‘upili
In a textbook on Hawaiian language, E Kama‘ilio Hawai‘i Kakou: Let’s Speak Hawaiian,
Kahananui and Anthony describe the Pa‘upili rain as “pili [grass] soaking.” They noted that
“Līhu‘e, Kaua‘i, has a Pa‘upili rain.”
20. He ua Pa‘upili (pili soaking) ko Līhu‘e, Kaua‘i. Līhu‘e, Kaua‘i, has a Pa‘upili
rain.
[Akana and Gonzalez 2015:226]
The Pa‘upili rain is also mentioned in the mele (song) “Wailua alo lahilahi,” also known as
“Nani wale Līhu‘e.” The mele which is “credited by Lili‘uokalani and Kapoli and by others to
Leleiohoku and Mrs. Kamakua,” describes Līhu‘e as “calm […] In the mist of the Pa‘upili rain.”
21. Nani wale Līhu‘e i ka la‘i
I ka noe a ka ua Pa‘upiliī
So beautiful is Līhu‘e in the calm
In the mist of the Pa‘upili rain
[Akana and Gonzalez 2015:226]
In the mele “Maika‘i Kaua‘i,” the Pa‘upili rain is described as “drenching rain that clings to the
house.”
22. Ua nani wale ‘o Līhu‘e
I ka ua Pa‘upili hale
I ka wai hu‘ihu‘i anu
Kahi wai a‘o Kemamo
So very beautiful is Līhu‘e
In the drenching [Pa‘upili] rain that clings to the house
With the cold, refreshing waters
From the springs of Kemamo
[Akana and Gonzalez 2015:226]
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1.4.3.2 Kenikeni
The Kenikeni rain of Līh‘ue is mentioned in an obituary for Eda Kawaikauomaunahina Kalua.
1. E ka ua Kenikeni o Līhu‘e, ua pau kou ho‘opulu pē ‘ana i ka ‘ili o ku‘u aloha.
O Kenikeni rain of Līhu‘e, your drenching of my love’s skin has ended.
From an obituary for Eda Kawaikauomaunahina Kalua. Hawaiian source: Kalua.
English trans. by author.
[Akana and Gonzalez 2015:77]
The Kenikeni rain is also mentioned in a kanikau (lament) which was also written in honor of
Eda Kawaikauomaunahina Kalua.
2 . Me ka ua Kenikeni o Līhu‘e
E uē helu mai ‘o Kaapuwai
With the Kenikeni rain of Līhu‘e
Kaapuwai wails, recounting your deeds
[Akana and Gonzalez 2015:77]
1.4.4 Nā Kahawai (Streams)
The Līhu‘e District is well-watered by the Hulē‘ia River, Nāwiliwili Stream, and the
Hanamā‘ulu River. The attractiveness of this region to the early Kaua‘i residents is preserved in
the following ‘ōlelo no‘eau (proverb):
He nani wale no o Puna mai ‘o a ‘o.
There is only beauty from one end of Puna to the other.
There is nothing to complain about–refers to Puna, Kaua‘i [Pukui 1983:91].
Two smaller streams, Koena‘awa nui and Koena‘awa iki, are identified in Land Commission
documents, although neither of these is named on any extant maps. Given the gently-sloping
character of the natural lay of the land from Līhu‘e to the coast, it is possible that there were once
other smaller drainages traversing what is now the airport, resort and golf course area; and, that
Native Hawaiian planters made use of this water (Figure 6).
1.4.5 Lihikai ame ka Moana (Seashore and Ocean)
Southeast of the project area is Nāwiliwili Harbor, a commercial deep-water port which
accommodates “a wide range of vessels including passenger liners, interisland barges, freighters,
and tankers” (Clark 1990:3). In The Beaches of Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau, John R.K. Clark translates
Nawiliwili as “the wiliwili [Erythrina sandwicensis] trees” (Clark 1990:2). He noted that, “These
trees provided the Hawaiians with orange-to-red seeds that were strung into leis [garlands] and a
very light wood that was used to make surfboards, canoe outriggers, and fishnet floats” (Clark
1990:2).
On the southern side of the Nāwiliwili Harbor is the Nāwiliwili Small Boat Harbor which
includes a boat ramp, restrooms, and parking for automobiles and trailers. The Nawiliwili Small
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Figure 6. Kalapakī Bay, showing location of two streams and their outlets (red Xs) to Kalapakī
Bay; Koena‘awa stream is on the left (undated photograph in Kaua‘i Museum files, see
http:www.hawaii.edu/environment.ainakumuwai.htm)
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Boat Harbor is utilized by both recreational and commercial vessels. It is also a favorite spot for
shoreline fishermen (Clark 1990:3). On the northern side of the Nāwiliwili Harbor is Nawiliwili
Park, a long, narrow park whose entire seaward edge is formed by a concrete sea wall (Clark
1990:3). The park is primarily used for picnicking, fishing, and surfing. A surfing site known as
Ammonias is located directly offshore the wall. The northern end of Nāwiliwili Park is adjoining
to Kalapakī Beach (Clark 1990:3).
Kalapakī Beach is the closest white sand beach to Līhu‘e. The beach is a popular place for many
types of recreational activities. The sandy and gently sloping ocean bottom provides favorable
conditions for swimming (Clark 1990:3-4). Clark (1990:4-5) stated that, “The surfing site known
as Kalapakī offshore the beach is an ideal beginner’s surfing break with gentle waves that roll
across a shallow sand bar.” He noted that, “Kalapakī is one of Kaua‘i’s historic surfing sites. The
break was surfed and bodysurfed by ancient Hawaiians and later by non-Hawaiians who took up
the sports.” He added, “Today the waves at Kalapakī continue to attract surfers, bodysurfers, and
a large number of bodyboarders.” Other types of ocean recreation are also popular at Kalapakī
including “canoe surfing, fishing, snorkeling, windsurfing, and twin-hull sailing” (Clark 1990:5).
Located near the northern point of Nawiliwili Harbor, Ninini Beach consists of “two large
pockets of white sand, separated by lava rock at the base of a low sea cliff” (Clark 1990:5). Clark
noted that the beach is “subject at all times of the year to high surf and kona (southerly) storms,
both of which may generate dangerous water conditions” (Clark 1990:5). The larger beach consists
of a “gentle, rock-free slope leading into a sandy ocean bottom” (Clark 1990:5). Conditions are
good for snorkeling and the shorebreak is frequented by bodysurfers during periods of high surf
(Clark 1990:5). The smaller beach is “rocky at the water’s edge with pockets of sand and rock
immediately offshore” (Clark 1990:5). Conditions at the smaller beach are also good for swimming
and snorkeling (Clark 1990:5). The smaller pocket beach is located approximately one-quarter
mile from Ninini Point which is “marked by the Nawiliwili Light Station and the foundations of
the former lighthouse keeper’s quarters” (Clark 1990:5). Ninini Point is also a fishing spot which
is very popular with shoreline fishermen (Clark 1990:5).
1.4.6 Built Environment
The project area lies between the south ends of the two main runways of Līhu‘e Airport and is
bounded on the south by the built-up portion of the Hōkūala Resort and other resort infrastructure.
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Section 2 Methods
2.1 Archival Research
Research centers on Hawaiian activities including ka‘ao (legends), wahi pana (storied places),
‘ōlelo no‘eau (proverbs), oli (chants), mele (songs), traditional mo‘olelo (stories), traditional
subsistence and gathering methods, ritual and ceremonial practices, and more. Background
research focuses on land transformation, development, and population changes beginning with the
early post-Contact era to the present day.
Cultural documents, primary and secondary cultural and historical sources, historic maps, and
photographs were reviewed for information pertaining to the study area. Research was primarily
conducted at the CSH library. Other archives and libraries including the Hawai‘i State Archives,
the Bishop Museum Archives, the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa’s Hamilton Library, Ulukau,
The Hawaiian Electronic Library (Ulukau 2014), the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD)
Library, the State of Hawai‘i Land Survey Division, the Hawaiian Historical Society, and the
Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site and Archives are also repositories where CSH cultural
researchers gather information. Information on Land Commission Awards (LCAs) were accessed
via Waihona ‘Aina Corporation’s Māhele database (Waihona ‘Aina 2000), the Office of Hawaiian
Affairs (OHA) Papakilo Database (Office of Hawaiian Affairs 2015), and the Ava Konohiki
Ancestral Visions of ‘Āina website (Ava Konohiki 2015).
2.2 Community Consultation
2.2.1 Scoping for Participants
We begin our consultation efforts with utilizing our previous contact list to facilitate the
interview process. We then review an in-house database of kūpuna (elders), kama‘āina, cultural
practitioners, lineal and cultural descendants, Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs; includes
Hawaiian Civic Clubs and those listed on the Department of Interior’s NHO list), and community
groups. We also contact agencies such as SHPD, OHA, and the appropriate Island Burial Council
where the proposed project is located for their response on the project and to identify lineal and
cultural descendants, individuals and/or NHO with cultural expertise and/or knowledge of the
study area. CSH is also open to referrals and new contacts.
2.2.2 “Talk Story” Sessions
Prior to the interview, CSH cultural researchers explain the role of a CIA, how the consent process
works, the project purpose, the intent of the study, and how their ‘ike (knowledge) and mana‘o
(thought, opinion) will be used in the report. The interviewee is given an Authorization and Release
Form to read and sign.
“Talk Story” sessions range from the formal (e.g., sit down and kūkākūkā [consultation,
discussion] in participants choice of place over set interview questions) to the informal (e.g., hiking
to cultural sites near the study area and asking questions based on findings during the field outing).
In some cases, interviews are recorded and transcribed later.
CSH also conducts group interviews, which range in size. Group interviews usually begin with
set, formal questions. As the group interview progresses, questions are based on interviewee’s
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answers. Group interviews are always transcribed and notes are taken. Recorded interviews assist
the cultural researcher in 1) conveying accurate information for interview summaries, 2) reducing
misinterpretation, and 3) missing details to mo‘olelo.
CSH seeks kōkua (assistance) and guidance on identifying past and current traditional cultural
practices of the study area. Those aspects include general history of the ahupua‘a; past and present
land use of the study area; knowledge of cultural sites (for example, wahi pana, archaeological
sites, and burials); knowledge of traditional gathering practices (past and present) within the study
area; cultural associations (ka‘ao and mo‘olelo); referrals; and any other cultural concerns the
community might have related to Hawaiian cultural practices within or in the vicinity of the study
area.
2.2.3 Completion of Interview
After an interview, CSH cultural researchers transcribe and create an interview summary based on
information provided by the interviewee. Cultural researchers give a copy of the transcription and
interview summary to the interviewee for review and ask to make any necessary edits. Once the
interviewee has made those edits, we incorporate their ‘ike and mana‘o into the report. When the
draft report is submitted to the client, cultural researchers then prepare a finalized packet of the
participant’s transcription, interview summary, and any photos that were taken during the
interview. We also include a thank you card and honoraria. This is for the interviewee’s records.
It is important to CSH cultural researchers to cultivate and maintain community relationships. The
CIA report may be completed, but CSH researchers continuously keep in touch with the
community and interviewees throughout the year—such as checking in to say hello via email or
by phone, volunteering with past interviewees on community service projects, and sending holiday
cards to them and their ‘ohana (family). CSH researchers feel this is an important component to
building relationships and being part of an ‘ohana and community.
“I ulu no ka lālā i ke kumu—the branches grow because of the trunk,” an ‘ōlelo no‘eau (#1261)
shared by Mary Kawena Pukui with the simple explanation: “Without our ancestors we would not
be here” (Pukui 1983:137). As cultural researchers, we often lose our kūpuna but we do not lose
their wisdom and words. We routinely check obituaries and gather information from other
informants if we have lost our kūpuna. CSH makes it a point to reach out to the ‘ohana of our
fallen kūpuna and pay our respects including sending all past transcriptions, interview summaries,
and photos for families to have on file for genealogical and historical reference.
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Section 3 Ka‘ao and Mo‘olelo
Hawaiian storytellers of old were greatly honored; they were a major source of entertainment
and their stories contained lessons while interweaving elements of Hawaiian lifestyles, genealogy,
history, relationships, arts, and the natural environment (Pukui and Green 1995:IX). According to
Pukui and Green (1995), storytelling is better heard than read for much becomes lost in the transfer
from the spoken to the written word and ka‘ao are often full of kaona or double meanings.
Ka‘ao are defined by Pukui and Elbert (1986:108) as a “legend, tale […], romance, [and/or],
fiction.” Ka‘ao may be thought of as oral literature or legends, often fictional or mythic in origin,
and have been “consciously composed to tickle the fancy rather than to inform the mind as to
supposed events” (Beckwith 1970:1). Conversely, Pukui and Elbert (1986:254) define mo‘olelo as
a “story, tale, myth, history, [and/or] tradition.” The mo‘olelo are generally traditional stories about
the gods, historic figures or stories which cover historic events and locate the events with known
places. Mo‘olelo are often intimately connected to a tangible place or space (wahi pana).
In differentiating ka‘ao and mo‘olelo it may be useful to think of ka‘ao as expressly delving
into the wao akua (realm of the gods), discussing the exploits of akua (gods) in a primordial time.
Mo‘olelo on the other hand, reference a host of characters from ali‘i (royalty) to akua; kupua
(supernatural beings) to maka‘āinana (commoners); and discuss their varied and complex
interactions within the wao kānaka (realm of man). Beckwith elaborates, “In reality, the distinction
between kaʻao as fiction and moʻolelo as fact cannot be pressed too closely. It is rather in the
intention than in the fact” (Beckwith 1970:1). Thus a so-called moʻolelo, which may be enlivened
by fantastic adventures of kupua, “nevertheless corresponds with the Hawaiian view of the relation
between nature and man” (Beckwith 1970:1).
Both ka‘ao and mo‘olelo provide important insight into a specific geographical area, adding to
a rich fabric of traditional knowledge. The preservation and passing on of these stories through
oration remains a highly-valued tradition. Additionally, oral traditions associated with the study
area communicate the intrinsic value and meaning of a place, specifically its meaning to both
kama‘āina as well as others who also value that place.
The following section presents traditional accounts of ancient Hawaiians living in the vicinity
of the project area. Many relate an age of mythical characters whose epic adventures inadvertently
lead to the Hawaiian race of aliʻi and makaʻāinana. The kaʻao in and around the project area shared
below are some of the oldest Hawaiian stories that have survived; they still speak to the
characteristics and environment of the area and its people.
3.1 Ka‘ao
3.1.1 Legend of Uweuwelekehau
In Fornander’s Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore, a pioneering collection of Hawaiian lore,
references are made to Kalapakī Ahupua‘a, and to Līhu‘e. One of the named Kaua‘i winds, “He
waikai ko Kalapakī” refers to the salty fresh water of Kalapakī (Fornander 1918-1919:5:96–97).
The place name Līhu‘e appears in the “Legend of Uweuwelekehau.” Uweuwelekehau and his wife
Luukia are being punished: they are stripped of their clothing and sent to Manā (at the west end of
the island). When they reach the plains of Līhu‘e, Luukia complains of her nakedness.
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Uweuwelekehau tells her they will find on a nearby hill a pa‘u (skirt) and all manner of kapa (bark
cloth), which they do (Fornander 1918-1919:5:196–197).
3.1.2 The Goddess Pele
During the 1920s, William Hyde Rice, a life-long resident of Kaua‘i, recorded and collected
Hawaiian lore of the island in Hawaiian Legends (1977). In that volume two place names in the
vicinity of the present project area—Ninini and Ahukini—are mentioned once each. In “The
Goddess Pele:”
Two brothers of Pele who had come from foreign lands, saw Lohiau’s body lying
as a stone where the lava flow had overtaken him. Pity welled up […] and they
brought Lohiau to life again. One of these brothers made his own body into a canoe
and carried the unfortunate Lohiau to Kauai, where he was put ashore at Ahukini.
[Rice 1977:14]
Ahukini in the above quote probably refers to the heiau (pre-Christian place of worship), which
formerly stood in Kalapakī near Ahukini Point on the bluff overlooking the sea, since the name
“Ahukini” means “altar of many blessings.”
3.1.3 The Menehunes
In “The Menehunes,” a favorite place for their sport of jumping off cliffs into the sea is Ninini:
“A […] little beach surrounded by cliffs, just inside the point where the larger Nāwiliwili
lighthouse now stands;” the tale also mentions that part of a large rock from Kīpūkai is at Ninini
(Rice 1977:44).
3.2 Wahi Pana
Wahi pana are legendary or storied places of an area. These legendary or storied places may
include a variety of natural or human-made structures. Oftentimes dating to the pre-Contact period,
most wahi pana are in some way connected to a particular mo‘olelo, however, a wahi pana may
exist without a connection to any particular story. Davianna McGregor outlines the types of natural
and human-made structures that may constitute wahi pana:
Natural places have mana [spiritual power], and are sacred because of the presence
of the gods, the akua, and the ancestral guardian spirits, the ‘aumakua. Human-
made structures for the Hawaiian religion and family religious practices are also
sacred. These structures and places include temples, and shrines, or heiau, for war,
peace, agriculture, fishing, healing, and the like; pu‘uhonua, places of refuge and
sanctuaries for healing and rebirth; agricultural sites and sites of food production
such as the lo‘i pond fields and terraces slopes, ‘auwai irrigation ditches, and the
fishponds; and special function sites such as trails, salt pans, holua slides, quarries,
petroglyphs, gaming sites, and canoe landings. [McGregor 1996:22]
As McGregor makes clear, wahi pana can refer to natural geographic locations such as streams,
peaks, rock formations, ridges, offshore islands and reefs, or they can refer to Hawaiian land
divisions such as ahupua‘a or ‘ili (land division smaller than an ahupua‘a), and man-made
structures such as fishponds. In this way, the wahi pana of Kalapakī tangibly link the kama‘āina
of Kalapakī to their past. It is common for places and landscape features to have multiple names,
some of which may only be known to certain ‘ohana or even certain individuals within an ‘ohana,
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and many have been lost, forgotten or kept secret through time. Place names also convey kaona
(hidden meanings) and huna (secret) information that may even have political or subversive
undertones. Before the introduction of writing to the Hawaiian Islands, cultural information was
exclusively preserved and perpetuated orally. Hawaiians gave names to literally everything in their
environment, including individual garden plots and ‘auwai (water courses), house sites, intangible
phenomena such as meteorological and atmospheric effects, pōhaku (stone), pūnāwai (freshwater
springs), and many others. According to Landgraf (1994), Hawaiian wahi pana “physically and
poetically describes an area while revealing its historical or legendary significance” (Landgraf
1994:v).
3.2.1 Place Names
Place name translations presented in this subsection are from Place Names of Hawai‘i (Pukui
et al. 1974), unless indicated otherwise. Lloyd Soehren (2013) has lately compiled all of the place
names from mid-nineteenth century land documents into an online database. He presents spelling
and meanings of names from Pukui et al.’s book (1974). When no meaning from this book is given,
he often suggests meanings for simple names based on meanings from Pukui and Elberts’ (1986)
Hawaiian Dictionary.
The original moku for the study area covered in this report was Puna, which means “spring of
water.” Līhu‘e (literally translated as “cold chill;” Pukui et al. 1974:132) became the modern
political name for the traditional moku of Puna. According to Ethel Damon (1931:402), the name
Līhu‘e was first applied to this area by Kaikio‘ewa, Governor of Kaua‘i in the 1830s, perhaps after
Kaikio‘ewa’s upcountry residence on the island. This late derivation of the name has been recently
disputed (Griffin 2012:46).
Kalapakī Ahupua‘a is described as a land division and a beach in Pukui et al. (1974:75), but no
meaning is presented. Pukui and Elbert (1986:122) define the word kalapakī (with a small “k”) as
“double-yolked egg, Kaua‘i.” Kalapakī was also the name of a village located along the coast.
According to Hammatt and Creed (1993:22), Land Commission documents demonstrate that the
“village of Kalapakī” was synonymous with the “‘ili of Kuuhai.”
Kalapakī is separated from Hanamā‘ulu Ahupua‘a to the north at the shore by a boundary point
called Opoi. Along the Kalapakī shore, going south, are Ahukini [Ahuhini] Point, Kamilo Point,
Ninini Point, Kūki‘i Point, and Kalapakī Beach. The boundary line inland between Kalapakī and
Hanamā‘ulu extended due west to a wetland at the end of Kapaia Ditch, then along another straight
line to the junction of the ditch with Hanamā‘ulu Stream, then along a straight line to a hill called
Kamoanakukaua, on the eastern edge of Kilohana Crater.
From there the boundary extended back to the shore along the boundary with Nāwiliwili
Ahupua‘a, to a point on a ravine called Palauohi, then extending down Nāwiliwili Stream to its
mouth at the shore. As noted, Kalapakī had several noted coastal points, Opoi, Ahukini, “altar for
many blessings”), Kamilo (“probably, the milo [Thespesia populnea] tree”), Ninini (“pour”), and
Kūki‘i, (“standing image”).
According to a collection of Kaua‘i place names by Kelsey (n.d.), Kalapakī was also known in
traditional times as “Ahukini,” as in the following ‘ōlelo no‘eau:
Ahukini, oia ka inoa nui o ka‘aina a hiki Hanamā‘ulu.
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Ahukini is the overall name of the land next to Hanamā‘ulu.
Claims for houselots or agricultural patches were made in ten ‘ili ‘āina (small land divisions)
within Kalapakī Ahupua‘a: Ka‘ahakea (named for a native tree, Bobea spp.; Soehren 2013);
Keahua (“the mound”); Kena (“quenched of thirst, or weary from heavy toil;” Soehren 2013);
Ki‘olepo (“swamp or a mud puddle;” Soehren 2013); Koena‘awaiki; Koena‘awanui; Nu‘uhai;
Palauohi; Pau; and Pūhaulū‘au.
3.2.2 Heiau (Pre-Christian Place of Worship)
Heiau were pre-Christian places of worship. Construction of some heiau were elaborate,
consisting of large communal structures, while others were simple earth terraces or shrines
(McAllister 1933:8). Heiau are most commonly associated with important religious ceremony;
large structures with platforms or altars of one or more terraces were indicative of such function
(McAllister 1933:8).
Thomas Thrum (1906) lists three heiau in Kalapakī: Ninini, Ahukini, and Pohakoelele. Wendell
Bennett (1931:124-125) documented two heiau in Kalapakī: Ninini and Ahuhini (Ahukini) Heiau.
He noted that Ninini Heiau, which he identified as Site 100, is located “near the site of the
Nawiliwili lighthouse” (Bennett 1931:124), and Ahuhini Heiau, which he identified as Site 101,
is located “near Ahukini Point on the bluff overlooking the sea” (Bennett 1931:125). Ninini Heiau
(SIHP No. 100) and Ahukini Heiau (SIHP No. 101) were both described by Bennett as totally
destroyed. According to Thrum (Bennett 1931:125), Ahukini was “[a] heiau of medium size;
foundations only now remain.”
Ahukini has been translated as “altar [for] many [blessings],” and this was also the name of a
heiau in Kāne‘ohe, O‘ahu. The heiau, located near Ahukini Point, was likely named for Ahukini-
a-la‘a, one of the three sons of La‘a-mai-kahiki, an ancestor of the Kaua‘i chiefly lines. Ahukini
lived about AD 1250 (Wichman 1998:61) and became the ali‘i nui (supreme chief) of the Puna
district (Wichman 2003:39). Ninini has been translated as “pour,” as in ninini wai, to pour water.
In her book, Koamalu, Ethel Damon (1931) mentions “three small heiaus” in Kalapakī: “Ninini,
Ahukini and Pohako-eleele.” She noted that, “little more than the names survive” (Damon
1931:397–398).
A fourth heiau was identified by Lt. George E.G. Jackson, Navy cartographer for the Hawaii
Government Survey Office in 1881 at Kūki‘i Point. The Kaua‘i Community College newsletter,
Archaeology on Kauai, notes that these “remains of ancient heiau” noted by Jackson are “where
the cottages of the Kauai Surf now stand” (Kaua‘i Community College Volume 2; 4 October 1973:
4).
3.3 ʻŌlelo Noʻeau
Hawaiian knowledge was shared by way of oral histories. Indeed, one’s leo (voice) is oftentimes
presented as ho‘okupu (“a tribute or gift” given to convey appreciation, to strengthen bonds, and
to show honor and respect); the high valuation of the spoken word underscores the importance of
the oral tradition (in this case, Hawaiian sayings or expressions), and its ability to impart traditional
Hawaiian “aesthetic, historic, and educational values” (Pukui 1983:vii). Thus, in many ways these
expressions may be understood as inspiring growth within reader or between speaker and listener:
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They reveal with each new reading ever deeper layers of meaning, giving
understanding not only of Hawai‘i and its people but of all humanity. Since the
sayings carry the immediacy of the spoken word, considered to be the highest form
of cultural expression in old Hawai‘i, they bring us closer to the everyday thoughts
and lives of the Hawaiians who created them. Taken together, the sayings offer a
basis for an understanding of the essence and origins of traditional Hawaiian values.
The sayings may be categorized, in Western terms, as proverbs, aphorisms, didactic
adages, jokes, riddles, epithets, lines from chants, etc., and they present a variety of
literary techniques such as metaphor, analogy, allegory, personification, irony, pun,
and repetition. It is worth noting, however, that the sayings were spoken, and that
their meanings and purposes should not be assessed by the Western concepts of
literary types and techniques. [Pukui 1983:vii]
Simply, ‘ōlelo no‘eau may be understood as proverbs. The Webster dictionary notes it as “a
phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some
practical truth, or the result of experience and observation.” It is a pithy or short form of folk
wisdom. Pukui equates proverbs as a treasury of Hawaiian expressions (Pukui 1995:xii).
Oftentimes within these Hawaiian expressions or proverbs are references to places. This section
draws from the collection of author and historian Mary Kawena Pukui and her knowledge of
Hawaiian proverbs describing ‘āina (land), chiefs, plants, and places.
3.3.1 Ōlelo No‘eau # 838
The following ōlelo no‘eau describes the beauty of the moku of Puna. In traditional times, the
moku of Līhu‘e was known as Puna.
He nani wale no o Puna mai ‘o a ‘o.
There is only beauty from one end of Puna to the other.
There is nothing to complain about.
Refers to Puna, Kaua‘i. [Pukui 1983:91]
3.3.2 Ōlelo No‘eau # 2467
The following ōlelo no‘eau describes Kilohana, a crater located mauka (toward the mountain)
of Līhu‘e, and mentions that robbers hid and preyed on travelers along the old trail leading from
Kona to Ko‘olau.
O Kilohana ia, he ‘awe‘awe moku.
That is the Kilohana of the broken bundle cords.
Said of Kilohana above Līhu‘e on Kaua‘i. An old trail went by here, leading from
Kona to Ko‘olau. Robbers hid there and waylaid lone travelers or those in small
companies and robbed them of their bundles. [Pukui 1983:269]
3.4 Oli (Chants)
Oli, according to Mary Kawena Pukui (Pukui 1995:xvi–xvii) are often grouped according to
content. Chants often were imbued with mana (divine power); such mana was made manifest
through the use of themes and kaona. According to Pukui, chants for the gods (pule; prayers) came
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first, and chants for the ali‘i, “the descendants of the gods,” came second in significance. Chants
“concerning the activities of the earth peopled by common humans,” were last in this hierarchy
(Pukui 1995:xvi–xvii). Emerson conversely states:
In its most familiar form the Hawaiians–many of whom [were lyrical masters]–
used the oli not only for the songful expression of joy and affection, but as the
vehicle of humorous or sarcastic narrative in the entertainment of their comrades.
The dividing line, then, between the oli and those other weightier forms of the mele,
the inoa, the kanikau (threnody), the pule, and that unnamed variety of mele in
which the poet dealt with historic or mythologic subjects, is to be found almost
wholly in the mood of the singer. [Emerson 1965:254]
While oli may vary thematically, subject to the perspective of the ho‘opa‘a (chanter), it was
undoubtedly a valued art form used to preserve oral histories, genealogies, and traditions, to recall
special places and events, and to offer prayers to akua and ‘aumākua (family gods) alike. Perhaps
most importantly, as Alameida (1993:26) writes, “chants […] created a mystic beauty […]
confirming the special feeling for the environment among Hawaiians: their one hānau (birthplace),
their kula iwi (land of their ancestors).”
3.4.1 Pele
On a visit to Kaua‘i, the Hawaiian volcano goddess, Pele, met the handsome Kaua‘i chief,
Lohi‘ahu. When he requested a dance, Pele instead said that she would chant all the wind guardians
for Nihoa and Kaua‘i. Going from west to east, she chanted the names of the winds, including
those for Kīpū Kai, Kīpū, Ha‘ikū Niumalu, Nāwiliwili, and Kalapakī:
He Puapua‘apano‘o ko Kīpū Kai…
He Puapua‘a ke makani o Kīpū Uka…
He Hāpuku me Ala‘oli nā makani kuehu lepo o Helē‘ia,
He Lawekiupua‘i‘i ka makani o Alekoko
Nahā ka mākāhā, lele ka ‘upena a nā akua, Kāne a me Kanaloa
He Kāhuilipi‘i ka makani o Niumalu
He Waiohue ka makani o Pāpālinahoa
He Hu‘eone ka makani o Nāwiliwili
He Wāmua ka makani o Kalapakī
He ‘Ehukai ka makani o Ahukini
He Pāhola ke kiu holo ki‘i makani lele kula o Līhu‘e
[Ho‘oulumāhiehie 2006a:17-18].
Kīpū Kai has a Puapua‘apano‘o wind…
The wind of Kīpū Uka is a Puapua‘a…
The dust stirring winds of Hulē‘ia [Ha‘ikū] are a Hāpuku and an Ala‘oli
The wind of ‘Alekoko [fishpond in Niumalu] is a Lawekiupua‘i‘i
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The sluice-gate breaks [reference to fishpond], the net of the gods, Kāne and
Kanaloa, flies
The wind of Niumalu is a Kāhilipi‘i
The wind of Pāpālinahoa [‘ili of Nāwiliwili] is a Waiohue
The wind of Nāwiliwili is a Hu‘eone
The wind of Kalapakī is a Wāmua
The wind of Ahukini is an ‘Ehukai
A Pāhola wind is the scout that fetches the winds sweeping the Līhu‘e plains
[Ho‘oulumāhiehie 2006b:17].
A similar chant of the winds of Kaua‘i was called by the boy Kūapāka‘a, who controlled the
magical wind gourd of La‘amaomao (Nakuina 1992:53):
Paupua is of Kīpū,
Ala‘oli is of Hulēia,
Waikai is of Kalapakī,
Kā‘ao is of Hanamā‘ulu,
Waipua‘a‘ala is the wind
That knocks down hale of Konolea,
Wai‘ōpua is of Wailua.
The wind of Kalapakī is thus named “Wāmua” according to Ho‘oulumāhiehie (2006b:17) and
“Waikai” according to Nakuina (1992:53)
3.5 Mele (Songs)
The following section draws from the Hawaiian art of mele, poetic song intended to create two
styles of meaning.
Words and word combinations were studied to see whether they were auspicious or
not. There were always two things to consider the literal meaning and the kaona, or
‘inner meaning.’ The inner meaning was sometimes so veiled that only the people
to whom the chant belonged understood it, and sometimes so obvious that anyone
who knew the figurative speech of old Hawai‘i could see it very plainly. There are
but two meanings: the literal and the kaona, or inner meaning. The literal is like the
body and the inner meaning is like the spirit of the poem. [Pukui 1949:247]
The Hawaiians were lovers of poetry and keen observers of nature. Every phase of
nature was noted and expressions of this love and observation woven into poems
of praise, of satire, of resentment, of love and of celebration for any occasion that
might arise. The ancient poets carefully selected men worthy of carrying on their
art. These young men were taught the old meles and the technique of fashioning
new ones. [Pukui 1949:247]
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There exist a few mele that concern or mention Kalapakī or Līhu‘e. These particular mele may
also be classified as mele wahi pana (songs for legendary or historic places). Mele wahi pana such
as those presented here may or may not be accompanied by hula (dance) or hula wahi pana (dance
for legendary or historic places). As the Hula Preservation Society notes,
Hula Wahi Pana comprise a large class of dances that honor places of such
emotional, spiritual, historical, or cultural significance that chants were composed
for them. Only the composers of the chants could know the deepest meanings, as
they would be reflections of their feelings and experiences […] Since the subjects
of Wahi Pana compositions are extremely varied, their implementation through
hula are as well. Coupled with the differences from one hula style and tradition to
the next, Hula Wahi Pana can be exceptionally diverse. They can be done sitting
or standing, with limited body movement or wide free movement; with or without
the use of implements or instruments; with the dancers themselves chanting and/or
playing an implement or being accompanied by the ho‘opa‘a [drummer and hula
chanter (memorizer)]. Beyond the particular hula tradition, what ultimately
determines the manner in which a Hula Wahi Pana is performed are the specific
place involved, why it is significant, the story being shared about it, and its
importance in the composer’s view. [Hula Preservation Society 2014]
3.5.1 Lihu‘e
The following mele was composed by Annie Koulukou for the town of Līhu‘e. The mele
describes Līhu‘e as “beloved” and mentions the Paupili rain (Huapala n.d.a). The mele also
mentions Niumalu Beach and Hauola Ridge which are located near Līhu‘e (Huapala n.d.a).
Aloha ʻia no aʻo Lihuʻe Beloved is Lihuʻe
I ka neʻe mai a ka ua Paupili In the moving of the Paupili rain
Ua pili no au me kuʻu aloha I am close with my love
Me ke kai nehe mai aʻo Niumalu By the murmuring sea at Niumalu
Ua malu ko kino naʻu hoʻokahi Your body is reserved for me alone
Na ka nani pua rose aʻo Hauola By the beautiful rose blossom of Hauola
Ua ola no au me kuʻu aloha My very life is my love
A kau i ka pua o ka lanakila Worn as the flower of victory
Kilakila Haʻupu aʻe ku nei Majestic is Haʻupu standing there
Kahiko i ka maka aʻo ka opua Adorned in the mist of the clouds
A he pua lei momi na kuʻu aloha A lei of pearls from my love
Ua sila paʻa ia i ka puʻuwai Was sealed in my heart
A he waiwai nui naʻu ko aloha Great riches is your love to me
Kaulana no ka ʻāina malihini Famous indeed the new land
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Hea aku no wau o mai ʻoe I call, you answer
Na ka pua lei momi poina ʻole For the unforgettable person, precious
as a rare shell lei
[Huapala n.d.a]
3.5.2 Maikaʻi Kauaʻi
The following mele was based on an oli by Kapa‘akea, father of David Kalākaua, which was
composed in honor of Keolaokalani, Bernice Pauahi Bishop’s hānai (adopted) child who passed
away at the age of seven months. The oli may have been originally composed in honor of chief of
Kaua‘i, Kaumuali‘i. Henry Waiau, choir director of the Līhu‘e Hawaiian Congregational Church
composed the accompanying music titled Lei I Ka Mokihana (Huapala n.d.b). The mele describes
Līhu‘e as “beautiful” and also describes the Pa‘upili rain as “the drenching rain that clings to the
house” (Huapala n.d.b).
Maikaʻi nō Kauaʻi So fine is Kauaʻi
Hemolele i ka mālie So perfect in the calm
Kuahiwi Waiʻaleʻale Beautiful Mount Waiʻaleʻale
Lei ana i ka mokihana Wears the mokihana lei
Hanohano wale lei ʻo Hanalei So glorious is Hanalei
I ka ua nui hōʻeha ʻili Rain that hurts the skin
I ka wai ʻuʻinakolo The rustling water
I ka poli o Nāmolokama In the bosom of Nāmolokama
Ua nani wale ʻo Līhuʻe So beautiful is Līhuʻe
I ka ua paʻū pili hale In the drenching rain that clings to the
house
I ka wai huʻihuʻi anu With the cold refreshing waters
Kahi wai aʻo Kēmano From the springs of Kēmano
Kaulana wale ʻo Waimea Renowned is Waimea
I ke one kani o Nohii With the roaring sands of Nohili
I ka wai ʻula ʻiliahi Amisst the red tinged waters
A he wai na ka malihini Water that visitors enjoy
Maikaʻi wale nō Kauaʻi So beautiful is Kauaʻi
Hemolele wale i ka mālie So perfect in the calm
Kuahiwi nani Waiʻaleʻale Beautiful Mount Waiʻaleʻale
Lei ana i ka mokihana Wears the mokihana lei
[Huapala n.d.b]
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Section 4 Traditional and Historical Background
4.1 Pre-Contact Settlement Patterns
The ahupua‘a of Kalapakī was permanently inhabited and intensively used in pre-Contact and
early historic times. At the coastal areas were concentrations of permanent house sites and
temporary shelters, heiau, ko‘a and kū‘ula (both types of relatively small shrines dedicated to
fishing gods), and numerous trails. The kula (dry inland areas) of these ahupua‘a contained native
forests and were cultivated with crops of wauke (paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera), ‘uala
(sweet potatoes, Ipomoea batatas), and ipu (bottle gourd). Legends and historic documentation
(especially Land Commission records) elaborate on many of these important natural resources.
Traditional fishing villages were once located near the seashore at Kalapakī, east and north
(around and up the coast) of Kalapakī Beach. Loko (fishponds) and small drainages were inland of
these settlement areas. Land Commission documents indicate a land use pattern that may be unique
to this part of the island, or to Kaua‘i in general, in which lo‘i (irrigated taro patch) and kula lands
are described in the same ‘āpana (lot), with houselots in a separate portion. In most places, kula
lands are defined as drier landscapes, and they do not typically occur next to, and among, wetter
lo‘i lands. Also, according to Hammatt and Creed (1993:23), “there are several [LCA] references
to other lo‘i next to the beach which indicate wetland cultivation extending right to the shoreline.”
This is another type of land use that seems to be fairly unique to Kaua‘i.
Nāwiliwili Stream has formed extensive natural (alluvial) terraces along its length. Two smaller
streams (Koena‘awa nui and Koena‘awa iki) are identified in Land Commission documents as
draining into Kalapakī Bay.
4.2 Early Historic Period
The first written accounts of the lifestyle on Kaua‘i are from travelers, missionaries, and
surveying expeditions. Missionary accounts from the first half of the nineteenth century provide
the majority of the early written records for this portion of Kaua‘i.
Ethel Damon, in Koamalu, repeats the scenic description of Līhu‘e given by Reverend Hiram
Brigham in his book, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands, published in
1847:
In 1824, when walking around the island from Waimea to counsel the people after
the wreck of The Cleopatra’s Barge, Rev. Hiram Bingham crossed from Hanapepe,
as has been seen, over the old upland trail back of Kilohana, and wrote of it as “a
country of good land, mostly open, unoccupied and covered with grass, sprinkled
with trees, and watered with lively streams that descend from the forest-covered
mountains and wind their way along ravines to the sea, —a much finer country than
the western part of the island. [Damon 1931:401]
In the Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (1845), Lt. Commander G.E.G.
Wilkes describes the “Lihui” District:
At noon they reached Lihui, a settlement lately undertaken by the Rev. Mr. Lafon,
for the purpose of inducing the natives to remove from the sea-coast, thus
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abandoning their poor lands to cultivate the rich plains above. Mr. Lafon has the
charge of the mission district lying between those of Koloa and Waioli. This district
was a short time ago formed out of the other two.
[...] The temperature of Lihui has much the same range as that of Koloa, and the
climate is pleasant: the trade-winds sweep over it uninterruptedly, and sufficient
rain falls to keep the vegetation green throughout the year.
As yet there is little appearance of increase in industry, or improvement in the
dwellings of the natives. There are no more than about seventy pupils in this district,
who are taught by natives. There are two houses of worship, and about forty
communicants. No decrease is apparent in the population within a few years.
On the fertile places, although the pasture was good, yet no cattle were to be seen.
From Lihui, they pursued their way to Hanawale, which is a small fishing village
at the mouth of a little stream. The country on this route was uninteresting, until
they reached Wailua [...] [Wilkes 1845:67–68]
Cutting and shipping sandalwood to China was probably the first real “industry” seen from a
western perspective. We have only one indirect reference to the sandalwood trade in the Līhu‘e
area. Ethel Damon records that early settler Richard Isenberg had been told by Chief Forester C.S.
Judd that Mount Kālepa had formerly been covered with sandalwood (Damon 1931:913).
The sandalwood trade or industry was soon replaced by the whaling trade. Between the 1840s
and 1860s, whaling ships would come to Hawai‘i to spend the winter, repair their ships, recruit
sailors, leave sick sailors behind, and stock up supplies for the next season. Early historical
accounts relate that Kōloa, on the south side of Kaua‘i, was a major port or roadstead for the
victualing trade for whalers, fur traders, and merchant ships plying their trades between Asia and
the west and back and forth to the Arctic. Though there is no specific evidence that crops raised in
the Līhu‘e area were for trade in Kōloa, the roadstead would have provided residents of Līhu‘e
with a market for their produce:
The principal village is Nawiliwili, ten miles east of Koloa. This district contains
about forty square miles, being twenty miles long by two broad. The soil is rich: it
produces sugar-cane, taro, sweet-potatoes, beans, &c. The only market is that of
Koloa. The cane suffers somewhat from the high winds on the plains. [Wilkes
1845:67–68]
While sweet potatoes, gourds, sugarcane, and wauke were important commodities in pre-
Contact days, they supplemented the basic traditional diet of fish and taro. Thus, early foreign
ideas of fertility and industry, backed by the needs of traders and whalers for supplies, mark the
beginning of the shift to cash crops as the new landscape of inland “fertile plains.”
Missionaries came to preach and teach western religion and culture. Missionary-sponsored
schools of Līhu‘e are also documented by Damon:
1842: Number of schools in Lihue district 5: teachers 7: scholars 185; of whom
readers 123, writers 28, those in arithmetic 64, and in geography 8. The Catholics
have succeeded in getting away 12 children from one of these schools. [Damon
1931:407]
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4.3 The Māhele and the Kuleana Act
Paulo Kanoa, Governor of Kaua‘i at the time of the Māhele claimed both the ahupua‘a of
Hanamā‘ulu and Kalapakī but was awarded neither. Victoria Kamāmalu was awarded both
ahupua‘a under Land Commission Award (LCA) 7713:2. The Victoria Kamāmalu award (LCA
7713:2 part 7) includes all the land within the present project area. There were no commoner
awards anywhere nearby.
The locations of kuleana or commoner land claims of the Māhele (1848-1853) in Kalapakī
Ahupua‘a are clumped in two areas, along the floodplain of the north side of Nāwiliwili Stream
(just back from the coast, south of Rice Street) and on the shore, back from Kalapakī Beach of
Nāwiliwili Bay (Figure 7).
There were 13 claims in Kalapakī, of which 12 were awarded. The cultivation of taro (kalo;
Colocasia esculenta), the major staple, was along the Nāwiliwili Stream flood plains and along
the smaller brooks of Kalapakī and Koenaawa where there were springs. The house lots in
Kalapakī were at the shore. The only crop other than kalo (taro) mentioned specifically in Kalapakī
is wauke. Additionally, more than one claim in Kalapakī mentions the fishponds of Koenaawa.
Two streams—Koenaawa nui and Koenaawa iki—are identified in the claims but neither is named
on current maps.
Most Kalapakī claimants lived, however, at the shore in the “kulana kauhale” or village of
Kalapakī, located behind Kalapakī Beach on Nāwiliwili Bay. Several of the claimants describe
their village house lots in relation to the fishponds of Koenaawa (Koenaawainui and Koenaawaiki).
There is also a description of the muliwai or estuary of Koenaawanui.
The large tracts of inland areas (kula), not in the river valleys or at the shore, are not described
in the claims but were probably in use. This kula land at the time of the Māhele belonged to
Victoria Kamāmalu. Land use is not elaborated in her claims for Hanamā‘ulu or Kalapakī.
Traditional kula resources for all claimants would have been medicines, herbs, construction
materials such as pili (Heteropogon contortus) grass and trees for building houses, canoes, and
perhaps lithic materials for tools. Sweet potatoes and other dryland crops, such as wauke, probably
were cultivated in patches throughout the area at one time or another.
Cattle, introduced by Vancouver, had at first been under a royal kapu (taboo) and were allowed
to roam freely and reproduce. Within a few decades, cattle had begun to wreak havoc on village
gardens and taro lands and homes. Residents either abandoned the land destroyed by roaming
cattle or else started building walls to keep the cattle out of their homes and gardens. Hulē‘ia, an
ahupua‘a to the west of the project area, was claimed by Victoria Kamāmalu during the Māhele
as a preserve for cattle (Māhele information). Apparently, as the report by Wilkes suggests, the
people of Līhu‘e had so far been safe from such depredation (ca. 1840s).
4.4 Late 1800s
Following the death of Victoria Kamāmalu in 1866, her lands were inherited by Princess Ruth
Ke‘elikōlani. In 1870, Ke‘elikōlani sold large portions of her Kalapakī and Līhu‘e lands to William
Hyde Rice of Lihue Plantation. Also in 1870, Paul Isenberg purchased the ahupua‘a of
Hanamā‘ulu from J.O. Dominis which includes the present airport area. William Hyde Rice made
subsequent land purchases from Princess Ruth in 1879.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
27
Figure 7. Location of LCA claims in Kalapakī Ahupua‘a relative to the present project area (base
map: 1996 USGS Lihue quadrangle topographic map)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
28
William Hyde Rice, who already had his own home on the hill east of the mill, bought a large
makai (seaward) section of the ahupua‘a of Kalapakī from Princess Ruth in 1879 and there
conducted the Lihue Ranch. In later years he sold most of this land to the plantation (Damon
1931:747).
In William Hyde Rice’s Hawaiian Legends (discussed above), Rice’s granddaughter Edith Rice
Pleus notes that Kalapakī in the 1920s comprised fertile lands. She probably referred to the
extensive plains or kula lands existing prior to use for commercial sugarcane. The cultivation of
sweet potatoes, gourds and wauke, and other dryland crops would have dominated land use in these
kula lands.
A State Archives document listed only as Land Matters, Document 11 with no date refers to
konohiki rights (either prior to or contemporary with Land Commission claims since the konohiki
received their claims after the ali‘i and before the kuleana awards). The konohiki (headman of an
ahupuaʻa land division under the chief) had proprietary rights to fish caught in the bay. Document
No. 11 lists ana‘e (mullet; Mugil cephalus) as the protected fish of Hanamā‘ulu, and uhu (parrot
fish; Scarus perspicillatus) for Kalapakī. These protected fish are part of the konohiki resources,
which he or she would use to meet his/her obligations to superior chiefs, governors/governesses
and the King or Queen. Wikolia is listed as the konohiki for Wailua, Hanamā‘ulu, Kalapakī,
Nāwiliwili, Niumalu, Ha‘iku, Kīpū, and a few other places. The procedure for fishing in the bay
would be when “the proper fishing season arrives all the people may take fish, and when the fish
are collected, they shall be divided—one third to the fishermen, and two thirds to the landlord.
[…] And the protected fish might all be for the konohiki” (Kosaki, 1954:14).
One of the last vestiges of the pre-cash crop landscape is depicted in the diary entry for the Rice
family’s arrival on Kaua‘i in 1854. During the second half of the nineteenth century, western
settlers and entrepreneurs set their sights on southeast Kaua‘i. Ethel Damon, in Koamalu, her
history of the Rice family of Kaua‘i, describes the Līhu‘e landscape at the time of the family’s
arrival at Nāwiliwili Bay:
From the deck of their river craft in 1854 Mrs. Rice and the children could plainly
see above the rocky shore and ruins of Kuhiau, the old heiau, or temple, and nearby
on the bluff the flaming blossoms of a great wili-wili tree among koa trees which
often grew almost down to the water's edge [Damon 1931:17–18]
These early written documents describe a good land with a nice climate and plentiful provisions
for the traveler. Residents of the land live near the ocean and fishing villages are scattered along
the shore; and at that time at Kalapakī many trees grew right down to the water’s edge (e.g., koa
[Acacia koa] and wiliwili).
While foreigners may have seen the shoreline as unproductive, Hawaiians would have
disagreed. The indigenous settlement pattern indicates the shoreline was the locus for villages like
Kalapakī at the mouth of Nāwiliwili River and “Hanawale,” perhaps a village near Hanamā‘ulu
Bay. Shoreline areas were certainly favored for fishing, swimming, surfing, and residence.
Depending on the distances, they may have had temporary residences among their agricultural
lands and even in the uplands while gathering materials for house or canoe building. Others resided
inland near their fields, but would have traveled around to acquire needed or desirable resources.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
29
In the earlier journals, lack of industry is noted and this refers specifically to production of
goods beyond the needs of those producing them. Pigs, sweet potatoes, and salt, among other
items, were traded to the earliest sailing vessels arriving in Hawai‘i (post 1794) and it is likely that
in Līhu‘e District, as elsewhere, the production of these items increased beyond the needs of the
immediate family and their expected contributions to their chiefs during this period of early
visiting voyagers.
The new settlers and entrepreneurs brought new activity to southeast Kaua‘i. Cotton was among
the crops grown in Hanamā‘ulu, adjacent to Kalapakī:
Later Mr. August Dreier was engineer in the mill. He had come out about 1869 for
Hoffschlaeger and Stapenhorst to install a cotton mill in upper Hanamaulu land.
The combination of a cool temperature with rain and red dust proved too much for
successful cotton growing, but many wild bushes of it are still found in Kapaia
valley. [Damon 1931:586]
Paramount, however, among the new cash crops was sugar. The plantation at Līhu‘e was first
established in 1849 by Henry A. Pierce; Judge Wm. Little Lee, the chairman of the Land
Commission; and Charles Reed Bishop. It became Lihue Plantation in 1850. It was probably the
best-capitalized and most-modern plantation at that time in all Hawai‘i. The mill was north and
west of the present airport. A steam-powered mill was built in 1853 at Lihue Plantation, the first
use of steam power on a Hawaiian sugar plantation. Another important innovation at Līhu‘e was
created in 1856, when William H. Rice completed the 10-mile-long Hanamā‘ulu Ditch, the first
large-scale irrigation project for any of the sugar plantations (Moffatt and Fitzpatrick 1995:103).
Plantation labor was brought in from many countries and these new laborers brought some of their
own cash crops.
Rice production was an off-shoot industry of the sugar plantation in the 1870s, since many of
the new Chinese plantation workers began to grow rice for themselves and then for trade with
California. Japanese immigrants, by the end of the nineteenth century did the same and took over
many of the Chinese rice paddies. Growing and milling rice also became a means for immigrants
to leave the plantations after their indenture period. An 1881 map of the Kalapakī Beach area a
kilometer south of the project area by Lt. Geo. G.E. Jackson (Figure 8) shows rice fields at the
mouth of Nāwiliwili River in the estuary 500 m west of the present project area and depicts a few
houses left in Kalapakī Village. In general, rice planters used abandoned taro fields, but made the
patches larger than the traditional taro lo‘i. This is probably true of the Kalapakī floodplain.
Jackson’s drawing (Figure 8) indicates the Kalapakī land north of Kuki‘i Point, where the
project area and airport now lie, as a “level grassy land with volcanic boulders,” showing no cane
cultivation in 1881.
4.5 1900s
The 1910 USGS map (Figure 9) shows railroad tracks crossing the flat land near the coast (with
a spur seemingly crossing the extreme east side of the present Subdivision 1A project area) and
indicate cane cultivation reaching toward the shore. The cane fields have expanded toward the
ocean into the area of the present airport. The expansion of Lihue Plantation’s sugarcane
cultivation would accelerate throughout the entire coastal area in the early decades of the twentieth
century.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
30
Figure 8. Portion of 1881 map of Nāwiliwili Harbor by Lt. George G. Jackson (RM 902)
showing the area of Kuki‘i Point to Ninini Point with the project area depicted in an
area of “Level grass land with volcanic boulders here and there”
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
31
Figure 9. 1910 Lihue Quadrangle USGS topographic map showing the project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
32
In 1929, the Territorial government began construction of a new harbor facility at Nawiliwili
(Garden Island 24 December 1929:1:3).
Sugarcane cultivation transformed the traditional landscape of Kalapakī into plantation
landscape. By 1931, Lihue Plantation had 6,712 acres in cane. The plantation’s field map of 1939
(Figure 10) and 1941 (Figure 11) show sugarcane covering the entire coast and the present project
area. Lihue Plantation “developed a water collection system second only to East Maui Irrigation
Company [...] Altogether there are 51 miles of ditch and eighteen intakes” (Wilcox 1996:68).
Railroads extended across the plantation to and from the shipping facilities and beyond the
plantation itself to other plantations.
The plantation landscape in Līhu‘e began in the mid-nineteenth century and continued to
expand for a century. Maps and aerial photographs from 1939 through 1978 (Figure 10 through
Figure 17) indicate the project area in a sea of sugarcane of the Lihue Plantation Company.
In the 1950s, about the time of the advent of the new airport (Garden Island 10 January
1950:1:3, 11:1) and after Statehood in 1959, Līhu‘e’s plantation landscape began to give way to
the present urban center. The sugar plantation infrastructure included ditch systems, railroads and
engine houses, bridges, interisland shipping storage facilities, and housing. Today, the remnants
of this commercial sugarcane landscape can still be seen around or near the airport.
4.6 Contemporary Land Use
During the second half of the twentieth century the project area was a portion of Kalapakī lands
transformed by resort development on Kaua‘i. The transition from sugar cane fields to resort
development is apparent in the 1978 aerial photograph (Figure 17). The Kauai Surf Hotel on
Kalapakī Bay was developed by Inter-Island Resorts in 1960. Then in 1970, the adjacent Kauai
Surf Golf Course opened. Subsequently, in the mid-1980s, these Kalapakī properties were sold or
leased to Hemmeter-VMS Kauai Company, which began development of the Westin Kauai
Lagoons Resort on approximately 850 acres.
In 1991, the Kauai Lagoons Resort was sold to Shinwa Golf Kabushiki Kaisha, which operated
the resort and golf courses under Kauai Lagoons Resort Company, Ltd. The approximately 700-
acre property, including the present project area, was acquired by Kauai Development LLC and
KD Golf Ownership LLC in 2004 and the resort prospers into the twenty-first century as
“Hōkūala.”
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
33
Figure 10. 1939 Map of Lihue Plantation showing the project area as at a confluence of fields
30A, 30B, 31 and 32
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
34
Figure 11. 1941 Lihue Plantation field map showing the project area as at a confluence of fields
30A, 30B, 31 and 32 (Condé and Best 1973:168)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
35
Figure 12. 1950 USGS Aerial Photograph of Kalapakī showing the project area as under
commercial sugar cane cultivation (UH MAGIS)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
36
Figure 13. 1959 USGS Aerial Photograph of Kalapakī showing the project area as under
commercial sugar cane cultivation (UH MAGIS)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
37
Figure 14. Portion of 1963 Lihue USGS topographic quadrangle showing the project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
38
Figure 15. 1965 USDA Aerial Photograph of Kalapakī showing the project area as under
commercial sugar cane cultivation (UH MAGIS)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
39
Figure 16. Undated “Map of Lihue Plantation with Lessees” produced by the Lihue Plantation
Company showing a lot configuration (the present project area is partially in “Lot 4”)
not reflected on other maps (the map references “Stadium Vidinha” and it is
understood Lihue Stadium was not so named until after 1976)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional and Historical Background
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
40
Figure 17. 1978 USGS orthophotoquad aerial photograph, Lihue Quadrangle showing the project
area as within former sugarcane fields on the northeast but mostly in a new golf course
development
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
41
Section 5 Previous Archaeological Research
5.1 Early References to Kalapakī Archaeology
Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area (within approximately 1.0 km)
are depicted in Figure 18 and summarized in Table 1. Previously identified historic properties in
the vicinity of the project area (within approximately 1.0 km) are depicted in Figure 19 and
summarized in Table 2.
Thomas Thrum, the publisher of an annual Hawaiian almanac, gathered lists of heiau on all
islands. From the ahupua‘a of Kalapakī we begin with his list of three:
1. Ninini, Kalapakī, near site of Nawiliwili light house. All destroyed (Thrum 1906:40)
2. Ahukini, Kalapakī. A heiau of medium size; foundations only now remain (Thrum 1906:40)
3. Pohakoelele, Kalapakī. A medium sized heiau; all destroyed (Thrum 1906)
The first comprehensive archaeological survey on the island of Kaua‘i was undertaken by
Wendell Bennett in 1930 and published in 1931. Bennett used Thrum’s list for reference and added
additional sites he documented. For Kalapakī he lists only two heiau following Thrum:
• Site 100. Ninini heiau, in Kalapaki near the site of the Nawiliwili lighthouse. It is now
all destroyed. [Bennett 1931:124]
• Site 101. Ahuhini heiau, in Kalapaki near Ahukini Point on the bluff overlooking the
sea. This is now entirely destroyed. Thrum says, ‘A heiau of medium size; foundations
only now remain.’ [Bennett 1931:125]
Bennett does not mention the Pohakoelele heiau.
Ethel Damon in her book about Kaua‘i history (Koamalu 1931) mentions “the three small
heiaus in the neighboring ahupua‘a of Kalapakī, those of Ninini, Ahukini and Pohako-eleele, little
more than the names survive” (Damon 1931:397–398).
Neither Thrum nor Bennett mention a heiau noted by Lt. George E.G. Jackson, Navy
cartographer for the Hawaii Government Survey Office in 1881 at Kūki‘i Point (on Nāwiliwili
Bay, 600 m southwest of the present project area, see Figure 8). The Kaua‘i Community College
newsletter, Archaeology on Kauai, notes that these “remains of ancient heiau” noted by Jackson
are “where the cottages of the Kauai Surf now stand” (Kaua‘i Community College Volume 2; 4
October 1973: 4).
5.2 Modern Archaeological Studies
The Archaeological Research Center Hawaii (1980) carried out an archaeological reconnaissance
of two parcels at the Kauai Surf Hotel (present day Hōkūala) as close as 200 m to the west and
south of the present study area but no historic properties were identified.
In 1988 CSH (Hammatt 1988) carried out an archaeological reconnaissance survey of 150-acres
of coastal land on the coastal strip east of the north/south airport runway at Kalapaki (location of
a proposed 3rd Golf Course at the Kauai Lagoons Resort). The study identified five archaeological
sites along the east shoreline, 800 m east of the present project area including: Site 1 wall remnant
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
42
Figure 18. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area (Base map: 1996
Lihue Quadrangle USGS topographic map)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
43
Table 1. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area
Reference Type of Study Location Results
Thrum
1906
Heiau study Kaua‘i-wide Listing of three heiau at Kalapakī,
Ahukini Heiau: “ heiau of medium
size; foundations only now remain,”
Ninini, and Pohakoelele, “all
destroyed.”
Bennett
1931
Archaeological
reconnaissance
Kaua‘i-wide Lists two sites at Kalapakī, Site 100
Ninini Heiau by the Nāwiliwili
lighthouse well to south (destroyed by
1931) and Site 101 “Ahuhini heiau”
“now entirely destroyed [by 1931]”
Handy
1940
Reconnaissance
of agricultural
lands
Kaua‘i-wide Discusses planting localities along
Nāwiliwili River and Hanamā‘ulu
River, located quite far away
ARCH
1980
Archaeological
Reconnaissance
Two parcels of Kauai
Surf Hotel (present
day Hōkūala)
No historic properties identified
Hammatt
1988
Archaeological
Reconnaissance
150 acres of coastal
land, Kauai Lagoons
Resort (present day
Hōkūala) Kalapakī
Identified five archaeological sites
along the east shoreline, 800 m east
of the present project area including:
Site 1 wall remnant (SIHP # 50-30-
11-422), Site 2 wall remnant (SIHP #
50-30-11-423), Site 3 shell midden
scatter (SIHP # 50-30-11-421), Site 4
oval terrace alignment (SIHP # 50-
30-11-424), and Site 5, a large wall
at Aninini Point.
Hammatt
1990
Archaeological
reconnaissance
survey
Kauai Lagoons Resort
(present day Hōkūala)
Kalapakī
The present project area appears to
have been entirely within Phase III of
the project area where no historic
properties were identified. The study
identified five archaeological sites in
the Phase V area, east of the N/S
runway along shoreline.
McMahon
1990
Archaeological
field check
Three locations for
new Kaua‘i judiciary
building, Nāwiliwili,
Kalapakī, and
Hanamā‘ulu;
Kalapakī, Hanamā‘ulu
Three previously identified historic
residential sites (SIHP #s 50-30-11
-9390, -9401, -9402) none near
present project area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
44
Reference Type of Study Location Results
Gonzales
1992
Archaeological
literature
review and
field inspection
Proposed 138 by 138
ft Federal Aviation
Administration Radar
Installation Facility on
coast east of Līhu‘e
Airport
No historic properties identified
(notes “vegetative conditions at the
proposed site precluded a complete
inspection of the ground surface”)
Hammatt
2005
Archaeological
inventory
survey (termed
archaeological
assessment in
the absence of
finds)
Approx. 71-acre
portion of Kauai
Lagoons Resort
property, Kalapakī
Ahupua‘a, (incl.
entirety of present
project area)
No historic properties identified
Bell et al.
2006
Archaeological
inventory
survey
Hanamā‘ulu
and Kalapakī
Identified SIHP # 50-30-08-3958,
plantation-era concrete enclosures
and foundation remnants that likely
functioned as a piggery
Creed et
al. 2006
Archaeological
field inspection
and literature
review
Eleven discrete areas
for proposed Līhu‘e
Airport Expansion,
Hanamā‘ulu and
Kalapakī Ahupua‘a;
TMKs: [4] 3-5
001:005, 006, 008,
009, 109, 111, and 158
and 3-7-002:por. 1
Reports fieldwork conducted in 1998
and 1999; most of present project
area addressed as “Area 2”; only
historic properties identified (SIHP #
50-30-08-9000) in vicinity of
Ahukini Landing (designated “Area
10”) well northeast of present project
area
Monahan
and
Hammatt
2008
Archaeological
literature
review and
field inspection
Nawiliwili-Ahukini
Bike Path project,
Nāwiliwili; TMKs: [4]
3-2-004; 3-5-001, 002
and 3-6-002, 019, 020
Summarizes seven previously
identified historic properties—all
along coast as well as a historic
cemetery and two bridges
Altizer
and
Hammatt
2010
Archaeological
inventory
survey
Nawiliwili-Ahukini
Bike Path project,
Nāwiliwili, Kalapakī,
and Hanamā‘ulu
Ahupua‘a; TMKs: [4]
3-5-001:004, 008, 027,
060, 083, 085, 102,
118, 128, 159, and 160
por.
Identified 15 historic properties
including five relatively close to
present project area:
• 50-30-11-423, Plantation era
agricultural field divider
• 50-30-11-2086, Habitation terrace
• 50-30-11-2093, Plantation era
drainage ditch
• 50-30-11-2094, Habitation terrace
• 50-30-11-2095, Pre-contact
activity area
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
45
Figure 19. Previously identified historic properties in the vicinity of the project area (Base map:
1996 Lihue Quadrangle USGS topographic map)
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
46
Table 2. Previously identified historic properties in the vicinity of the project area
SIHP #
50-30-11
Site Type Reference Comments
-100 Ninini Heiau Thrum 1906
Bennett 1931
Hammatt 1990
“all destroyed.”
-101 Ahukini Heiau Thrum 1906
Bennett 1931
A heiau of medium size; Bennett writes:
“now entirely destroyed [by 1931]”
-421 Midden Scatter Hammatt 1990: Scatter of marine shells on shoreline
(Hammatt 1990 Site 3)
-422 Plantation era
agricultural field
divider
Hammatt 1990,
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Remnants of a plantation-era wall
measuring 13 m northeast/southwest on
shoreline (Hammatt 1990 Site 1)
-423 Plantation era
agricultural field
divider
Hammatt 1990,
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Remnants of a plantation-era wall
measuring 24.5 m long, northeast-
southwest on shoreline (Hammatt 1990
Site 2)
-424 Oval terrace
alignment
Hammatt 1990 On Bluff - possible prehistoric habitation
structure
-2086 Habitation terrace Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Remnants of two terraces on shoreline.
Coral and marine midden fragments were
observed scattered about the area
-2087 Nāwiliwili Harbor
Light and associated
features
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Lighthouse (built in 1933) and associated
remnants of caretaker’s quarters
-2088 Foundation of an
historic
communications
tower
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Possibly the same as depicted on the 1910
USGS topographic map
-2089 Mounds (2) Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Possible historic burial mound
-2090 Historic artillery
gun emplacement
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Likely related to World War II military
infrastructure
-2091 Historic building
foundation
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Remains of a small, one-bedroom house.
-2092 Historic outhouse
and cesspool
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Remains of an outhouse and cesspool
connected by a shallow ditch
-2093 Plantation era
drainage ditch
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Plantation-era, earthen drainage ditch
measuring 61.7 m long and running
roughly east-west on shoreline
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
47
SIHP #
50-30-11
Site Type Reference Comments
-2094 Habitation terrace Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
Pre-Contact habitation site consisting of a
terrace measuring 6.2 northeast-
southwest by 5.0 m northwest-southeast.
The terrace is constructed of basalt
cobbles and boulders stacked one-to-two
courses high to a maximum height of
0.35 m; on shoreline
-2095 Pre-contact activity
area
Altizer and
Hammatt 2010
A scatter of cultural material measuring
5.1 m north-south by 2.6 m east-west
marine including shell midden, basalt
cobbles and pebbles and charcoal. The
cultural layer contained a strong ash lens,
along with a substantial amount of marine
shell midden; on shoreline
No SIHP #
assigned
Railroad bridge Monahan and
Hammatt 2008
Nāwiliwili Stream railroad bridge
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Previous Archaeological Research
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
48
(SIHP # 50-30-11-422), Site 2 wall remnant (SIHP # 50-30-11-423), Site 3 shell midden scatter
(SIHP # 50-30-11-421), Site 4 oval terrace alignment (SIHP # 50-30-11-424), and Site 5, a large
wall at Aninini Point regarded as a possible remnant of the former Ninini Heiau.
Two years later, CSH (Hammatt 1990) carried out an archaeological reconnaissance survey for
the Kauai Lagoons Resort addressing three “phase” areas; a central Phase III area understood to
have included the entirety of the present study area, a Phase IV area along the south coast at an
existing Westin Kaua‘i Hotel, and a Phase V area along the coast east of the N/S runway (the
eastern portion of the Hammatt 1988 study area). The same five sites described in the Hammatt
1988 study (in the Phase V area) are again described. No additional sites were reported (no historic
properties were reported from the present study area and vicinity).
Nancy McMahon (1990), then of the SHPD, carried out an archaeological fieldcheck of three
possible Locations for a New Kauai Judiciary Building, one each in Nāwiliwili, Kalapakī, and
Hanamā‘ulu. At the Kalapakī location (Location 2, TMK: 4-3-6-02:01) one historic building
(SIHP 50-30-11-9402, radio station KTOH)) was identified well away from the present study area.
Tirzo Gonzales (1992) carried out an archaeological literature review and field inspection of a
proposed 138 by 138 ft Federal Aviation Administration radar installation facility on the coast east
of Līhu‘e Airport but no historic properties were identified (they noted vegetative conditions at the
proposed site precluded a complete inspection of the ground surface).
CSH carried out fieldwork in 2005 for an archaeological inventory survey-level study
(Hammatt 2005) of a 71-acre project area 700 m north of the present study area bounded on the
northeast and northwest by runways of Līhu‘e Airport. The study documented no historic
properties and noted
The entire project area has been extensively modified as a result of its former use
as cane fields. The land surface shows abundant evidence of plantation-era land
use, including plastic mulch, plow marks, and some typical vegetation associated
with feral cane fields. [Hammatt 2005:25]
CSH (Monahan and Hammatt 2008) carried out an archaeological literature review and field
inspection study for approximately 8 miles (12.9 km) of a Nāwiliwili-Ahukini Bike Path project.
Previously described historic properties along the coast from Ninini Point to Ahukini are discussed
but no new historic properties are designated anywhere near the present study area. A railroad
bridge crossing Nāwiliwili Stream 800 m to the west of the present project area is discussed.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
49
Section 6 Field Inspection Results
An archaeological field inspection was undertaken by CSH archaeologist Nancine “Missy”
Kamai on 28 June 2021 The following photograph record addresses the three portions of the
project area, the northern Subdivision 1A, the central area adjacent to the south of Subdivision 1A
designated Subdivision 1 and the southern Lot 10c which is largely within a water feature and
includes a relatively flat island with a mowed lawn in the eastern portion.
Representative views are presented of the northern Subdivision 1A starting at the west end
looking to the northeast (Figure 20) and southeast (Figure 21) followed by views from the central
portion of Subdivision 1A to the southwest (Figure 22) and NNE (Figure 23), and then with views
from the east end of Subdivision 1A to the northwest (Figure 24) and southwest (Figure 25).
The relatively central area adjacent to the south of Subdivision 1A designated Subdivision 1
was then inspected with representative views provided from the west end of Subdivision 1 to the
northeast (Figure 26) and southeast (Figure 27), from the central portion of Subdivision 1 to the
west (Figure 28) and east (Figure 29), and from the east end of Subdivision 1 to the west (Figure
30) and southeast (Figure 31).
The southern Lot 10C project area is largely a water feature that was visited from a causeway
on the south side of a large flat island with a mowed lawn that dominates the east side of the lot.
Representative photographs are presented of southern Parcel 10C, from the southern causeway to
the northeast showing the large flat island (Figure 32), of Parcel 10C from the large eastern island
to the west (Figure 33), of Parcel 10C from the southwest side of the large eastern island looking
to the northeast (Figure 34), and of southern Parcel 10C from the north side of the large eastern
island looking to the south (Figure 35).
All portions of the project area appeared to have been previously graded and reworked for the
present Hōkūala Resort. No historic properties were observed. It was evaluated that historic
properties are unlikely to be present.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
50
Figure 20. View of the west end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to northeast
Figure 21. View of the west end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to southeast
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
51
Figure 22. View from the central portion of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to southwest
Figure 23. View from the central portion of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to NNE
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
52
Figure 24. View of the east end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to northwest
Figure 25. View of the east end of the northern Subdivision 1A, view to southwest
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
53
Figure 26. View of the west end of the central Subdivision 1, view to northeast
Figure 27. View of the west end of the central Subdivision 1, view to southeast
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
54
Figure 28. View from the central portion of the central Subdivision 1, view to west
Figure 29. View from the central portion of the central Subdivision 1, view to east
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
55
Figure 30. View of the east end of the central Subdivision 1, view to west
Figure 31. View of the east end of the central Subdivision 1, view to southeast
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
56
Figure 32. View of southern Parcel 10C, view from southern causeway to large eastern island,
view to northeast
Figure 33. View of southern Parcel 10C, view from large eastern island to west
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Field Inspection Results
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
57
Figure 34. View of southern Parcel 10C, from southwest side of the large eastern island, view to
northeast
Figure 35. View of southern Parcel 10C, from north side of the large eastern island, view to
south
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Community Consultation
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
58
Section 7 Community Consultation
7.1 Introduction
An effort was made to contact and consult with 29 Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHO),
agencies, and community members including descendants of the area, in order to identify any
cultural concerns regarding the project area. CSH initiated its outreach effort in July 2021 through
letters, email and telephone calls. As of 9 July, 2021, two parties had responded and agreed to
release of their responses. Consultation is still ongoing.
7.2 Community Contact Letter
Letters (Figure 36, Figure 37 and Figure 38) along with a map and an aerial photograph of the
project were mailed with the following text:
Aloha mai kākou [Name of Recipient],
With this letter, Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i (CSH) humbly requests your mana‘o and
‘ike (experience, insights, and perspectives) regarding past and ongoing cultural,
practices, beliefs, and resources within Kalapakī Ahupua‘a.
Consultation with traditional cultural practitioners, kūpuna, kama‘āina, and
Hawai‘i’s diverse ethnic communities is an important and deeply valued part of our
work and the environmental review process for proposed projects in Hawai‘i. Your
contributions will revitalize and keep alive knowledge of cultural practices, storied
places, and life experiences that will remind Hawai‘i’s children of their history for
generations to come.
Project Description
At the request of Hōkūala, CSH is conducting a Cultural Impact Assessment for the
Hōkūala redevelopment of Subdivision 1, Subdivision 1A and Lot 10C project
within the Hōkūala Resort area in Kalapakī Ahupuaʻa, Līhu‘e District, southeast
Kauaʻi (TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109).
The project area is bounded on the northwest and northeast by runways of Līhu‘e
Airport and is bounded on the south by golf courses of the Hōkūala Resort and other
resort infrastructure. The project area is bounded on the north by the golf course of
the Hōkūala Resort and is bounded on the south by resort lagoons and other resort
infrastructure of Hōkūala. The project area is depicted on a portion of the 1996
Lihue U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle (Figure
1) and 2016 aerial photograph (Figure 2).
The proposed project is a Petition for County Zoning Amendment to amend the
zoning designation from R-2 to R-4 for an inland portion of the Hōkūala Resort
property to allow for higher density development at the proposed Subdivisions 1
and 1A (14.2 acres in the aggregate) while significantly reducing the allowable
density of a RR-10 parcel (approximately 2.6 acres) in the vicinity to R-2. As a
result of this petition, there is no increase to the entitlement cap of 772 units for the
Hōkūala Resort.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Community Consultation
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
59
Purpose of Cultural Consultation
The purpose of cultural consultation is to gather information on Hawai‘i’s cultural
resources, practices, or beliefs that have occurred or still occur within the proposed
project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a. This is accomplished through consultation and
background research using previously written documents, studies, and interviews.
This information is used to assess potential impacts by the proposed project to the
specific identified resources, practices, and beliefs in the project area and
throughout Kalapakī Ahupua‘a. As a traditional cultural practitioner and holder of
long-term knowledge, your insight, input, and perspective provide a valuable
contribution to the assessment of potential effects of this project and an
understanding of how to protect these resources and practices.
Insights focused on the following topics in the project area (shown on the attached
Figures 1 and 2) are especially helpful and appreciated:
• Your knowledge of traditional cultural practices of the past within the proposed
project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
• Your specific traditional cultural practice and its connection to the proposed
project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
• The different natural resources associated with your specific traditional cultural
practice
• Legends, stories, or chants associated with your specific traditional cultural
practices and their relationships to the proposed project area and Kalapakī
Ahupua‘a
• Referrals to other kūpuna, kama‘āīna, and traditional cultural practitioners
knowledgeable about the proposed project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
• Your comments or thoughts on the potential impacts the proposed project may
have on your ongoing traditional cultural practices and natural resources within
the proposed project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
• Your knowledge of cultural sites and wahi pana (storied places) within the
proposed project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
• Your comments or thoughts on the potential impacts the proposed project may
have on cultural sites and wahi pana within the proposed project area and
Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
Consultation Information
Consultation is an important and deeply valued part of the environmental review
process. Your contributions will revitalize and keep alive our combined knowledge
of past and ongoing cultural practices, historic places, and experiences, reminding
our children of their history generation after generation.
With your agreement to participate in this study, your contributions will become
part of the comprehensive understanding of traditions of the area; and potentially
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Community Consultation
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
60
will be part of the public record. The Cultural Impact Assessment study may be
included within a Petition for County Zoning Amendment.
As a part of this process, your knowledge may be used to inform future heritage
studies of cultural practices and resources that need protection from impacts of
proposed future projects. If you engage in consultation, and the mana‘o and ‘ike
you provide appears in the study, we would like to recognize your contribution by
including your name. If you prefer not to allow your name to be included, your
information can be attributed to an anonymous source.
The consultation interview structure and format are flexible. We will accommodate
your preference on how to get together; talk story, over the phone, by email
correspondence, remotely via Zoom, MS Teams, Google Chat or other remote
meeting platforms.
Your knowledge of the resources and potential effect of the project on traditional
practices in the project area and Kalapakī Ahupua‘a focusing on the topics in the
bullet points above can also be submitted in a written statement. CSH will provide
return postage of your written statement on request.
CSH is happy to provide a list of topics for discussion, a more structured
questionnaire of interview questions, or any other assistance that might be helpful.
If you have questions regarding consultation, or are interested in participating in
this study, please contact CSH Cultural Researcher Kellen Tanaka by email at
ktanaka@culturalsurveys.com or phone at (808) 262-9972.
Mahalo nui loa for your time and attention to this request for consultation.
Yours with much aloha and appreciation,
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Community Consultation
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
61
Figure 36. Community contact letter page one
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Community Consultation
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
62
Figure 37. Community contact letter page two
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Community Consultation
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
63
Figure 38. Community contact letter page three
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional Cultural Practices
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
64
In most cases, two or three attempts are being made to contact individuals, organizations, and
agencies. Community outreach letters were sent to a total of 29 individuals or groups and as of 9
July, 2021, 2 had responded and agreed to release of their responses, and 0 of these kama‘āina
and/or kupuna met with CSH for more in-depth interviews. The results of the community
consultation responses received are presented below:
7.3 Community Responses (received to date)
Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos, Community Relations Specialist for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs
(OHA)
On 8 July 2021, Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i spoke with Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos, Community
Relations Specialist for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), over the telephone to discuss the
cultural impact assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area.
Ms. Santos stated that her main concern is protecting access for gathering, fishing, and cultural
sites along the shoreline. She noted that ‘ohana (families) from Nāwiliwili and Niumalu gather
and fish along the coast. She mentioned that traditionally the area was used by kama‘āina (native
born) to traverse to the shoreline. She also asked if the project proponents put in a road, will people
be allowed to use the road to access the shoreline?
Ms. Santos noted that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been dependent on
subsistence including fishing. She also mentioned that during the COVID-19 pandemic, fisherman
have complained that homeless who have been living in the area along the shore have been leaving
their ʻōpala (rubbish).
Ms. Santos recommended that CSH reach out to Lenny Rapozo, Facility Manager at County of
Kaua‘i Department of Parks and Recreation. She noted that Mr. Rapozo’s mother’s ‘ohana are
from the area and he grew up fishing in the area.
Mr. Jan TenBruggencate, President, Mālama Hule‘ia responded as follows
One issue of concern to the community is likely the increased traffic congestion on
the roads in the immediate vicinity of the area of increased density.
This is a popular area for people walking for exercise. Currently dozens to perhaps
hundreds of people daily walk recreationally on the pavement on the east-west road
that bisects this area. That is a valued and appreciated activity for our community.
People walk individually, with families, with young children on bicycles, with baby
strollers. Many walk while listening to music and podcasts, making them
potentially less aware of traffic. Bicycle riders also frequently use this area.
The project could avoid conflicts by establishing a walking and/or biking path out
of the lane of traffic on one or both sides of that road. I believe offering that amenity
could reduce community concerns about the increased density.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional Cultural Practices
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
65
Section 8 Traditional Cultural Practices
Timothy R. Pauketat succinctly describes the importance of traditions, especially in regards to
the active manifestation of one’s culture or aspects thereof. According to Pauketat,
People have always had traditions, practiced traditions, resisted traditions, or
created traditions […] Power, plurality, and human agency are all a part of how
traditions come about. Traditions do not simply exist without people and their
struggles involved every step of the way. [Pauketat 2001:1]
It is understood that traditional practices are developed within the group, in this case, within the
Hawaiian culture. These traditions are meant to mark or represent aspects of Hawaiian culture that
have been practiced since ancient times. As with most human constructs, traditions are evolving
and prone to change resulting from multiple influences, including modernization as well as other
cultures. It is well known that within Hawai‘i, a “broader “local” multicultural perspective exists”
(Kawelu 2015:3) While this “local” multicultural culture is deservedly celebrated, it must be noted
that it has often come into contact with “traditional Hawaiian culture.” This contact between
cultures and traditions has undoubtedly resulted in numerous cultural entanglements. These
cultural entanglements have prompted questions regarding the legitimacy of newly evolved
traditional practices. The influences of “local” culture are well noted throughout this section, and
understood to represent survivance or “the active sense of presence, the continuance of native
stories, not a mere reaction, or a survivable name. Native survivance stories are renunciations of
dominance, tragedy and victimry” (Vizenor 1999:vii). Acknowledgement of these “local”
influences help to inform nuanced understandings of entanglement and of a “living [Hawaiian]
contemporary culture” (Kawelu 2015:3). This section strives to articulate traditional Hawaiian
cultural practices as were practiced within the ahupua‘a in ancient times, and the aspects of these
traditional practices that continue to be practiced today; however, this section also challenges
“tropes of authenticity,” (Cipolla 2013) and acknowledges the multicultural influences and
entanglements that may “change” or “create” a tradition.
This section integrates information from Sections 3-6 in examining cultural resources and
practices identified within or in proximity of the project area in the broader context of the
encompassing Kalapaki landscape. Excerpts from informant comments are incorporated
throughout this section where applicable.
8.1 Habitation and Subsistence
In pre-Contact and early historic times, the ahupua‘a of Kalapakī was permanently inhabited
and intensively used. Traditional fishing villages were once located near the seashore at Kalapakī,
east and north (around and up the coast) of Kalapakī Beach. Loko and small drainages were inland
of these settlement areas. Concentrations of permanent house sites and temporary shelters, heiau,
ko‘a and kū‘ula, and numerous trails were also located in these coastal areas.
Land Commission documents indicate a land use pattern that may be unique to this part of the
island, or to Kaua‘i in general, in which lo‘i and kula lands are described in the same ‘āpana, with
houselots in a separate portion. In most places, kula lands are defined as drier landscapes, and they
do not typically occur next to, and among, wetter lo‘i lands. The kula area contained native forests
and were cultivated with crops of wauke, ‘uala, and ipu.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Traditional Cultural Practices
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
66
Hammatt and Creed (1993:23) also note that, “there are several [LCA] references to other lo‘i
next to the beach which indicate wetland cultivation extending right to the shoreline.” This is
another type of land use that seems to be fairly unique to Kaua‘i.
Historical accounts also describe Kalapakī and Līhu‘e’s natural resources. Edith Rice Pleus,
granddaughter William Hyde Rice, noted that Kalapakī in the 1920s comprised fertile lands. She
probably referred to the extensive plains or kula lands existing prior to use for commercial
sugarcane. The cultivation of sweet potatoes, gourds and wauke, and other dryland crops would
have dominated land use in these kula lands.
At the time of the Māhele, Victoria Kamāmalu was awarded both the ahupua‘a of Hanamā‘ulu
and Kalapakī under Land Commission Award (LCA) 7713:2 which includes all the land within
the present project area. The locations of kuleana land claims in Kalapakī Ahupua‘a are clumped
in two areas, along the floodplain of the north side of Nāwiliwili Stream (just back from the coast,
south of Rice Street) and on the shore, back from Kalapakī Beach of Nāwiliwili Bay.
There were 13 claims in Kalapakī, of which 12 were awarded. The cultivation of taro, the major
staple, was along the Nāwiliwili Stream flood plains and along the smaller brooks of Kalapakī and
Koenaawa where there were springs. The only crop other than kalo (taro) mentioned specifically
in Kalapakī is wauke.
Most Kalapakī claimants lived, however, at the shore in the “kulana kauhale” or village of
Kalapakī, located behind Kalapakī Beach on Nāwiliwili Bay. The house lots in Kalapakī were at
the shore and more than one claim in Kalapakī mentions the fishponds of Koenaawa. Two
streams—Koenaawa nui and Koenaawa iki—are identified in the claims but neither is named on
current maps.
The large tracts of inland areas (kula), not in the river valleys or at the shore, are not described
in the claims but were probably in use. Traditional kula resources for all claimants would have
been medicines, herbs, construction materials such as pili grass and trees for building houses,
canoes, and perhaps lithic materials for tools. Sweet potatoes and other dryland crops, such as
wauke, probably were cultivated in patches throughout the area at one time or another.
8.2 Marine Resources
The Līhu‘e District is fed by four main water sources, the Hulē‘ia River, the Hanamā‘ulu River,
Keālia River, and the Wailua River. Two smaller streams, Koena‘awa nui and Koena‘awa iki, are
identified in Land Commission documents, although neither of these is named on any extant maps.
Given the gently-sloping character of the natural lay of the land from Līhu‘e to the coast, it is
possible that there were once a few other smaller drainages traversing what is now the airport,
resort and golf course area; and, that Native Hawaiian planters made use of this water.
Southwest of the project area is Nāwiliwili Harbor, a commercial deep-water port which
accommodates “a wide range of vessels including passenger liners, interisland barges, freighters,
and tankers” (Clark 1990:3). John R.K. Clark translates Nawiliwili as “the wiliwili trees” and noted
that, “These trees provided the Hawaiians with orange-to-red seeds that were strung into leis
[garlands] and a very light wood that was used to make surfboards, canoe outriggers, and fishnet
floats” (Clark 1990:2). Nawiliwili Small Boat Harbor, which includes a boat ramp, restrooms, and
parking for automobiles and trailers, is utilized by both recreational and commercial vessels. It is
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also a favorite spot for shoreline fishermen (Clark 1990:3). Nawiliwili Park, a long, narrow park
whose entire seaward edge is formed by a concrete sea wall, is located on the northern side of the
Nawiliwili Harbor (Clark 1990:3). The park is primarily used for picnicking, fishing, and surfing.
A surfing site known as Ammonias is located directly offshore the wall.
Kalapakī Beach is a popular place for many types of recreational activities including “canoe
surfing, fishing, snorkeling, windsurfing, and twin-hull sailing” (Clark 1990:5). Clark (1990:4-5)
stated that, “The surfing site known as Kalapakī offshore the beach is an ideal beginner’s surfing
break with gentle waves that roll across a shallow sand bar.” He also noted that, “Kalapakī is one
of Kaua‘i’s historic surfing sites. The break was surfed and bodysurfed by ancient Hawaiians and
later by non-Hawaiians who took up the sports.”
Ninini Beach consists of “two large pockets of white sand, separated by lava rock at the base
of a low sea cliff” (Clark 1990:5). Conditions at the Ninini Beach are good for recreational
activities including swimming and snorkeling (Clark 1990:5). Clark also noted that the beach is
“subject at all times of the year to high surf and kona (southerly) storms, both of which may
generate dangerous water conditions” (Clark 1990:5). Clark also noted that Ninini Point which is
“marked by the Nawiliwili Light Station and the foundations of the former lighthouse keeper’s
quarters” is also a fishing spot which is very popular with shoreline fishermen (Clark 1990:5).
A State Archives document listed only as Land Matters, Document 11 with no date refers to
konohiki rights. The konohiki had proprietary rights to fish caught in the bay. According to
Document No. 11, ana‘e (mature mullet) was the protected fish of Hanamā‘ulu, and uhu (parrot
fish) for Kalapakī. These protected fish are part of the konohiki resources, which he or she would
use to meet his/her obligations to superior chiefs, governors/governesses and the King or Queen.
The proper procedure for fishing in the bay would be when “the proper fishing season arrives all
the people may take fish, and when the fish are collected, they shall be divided—one third to the
fishermen, and two thirds to the landlord. […] And the protected fish might all be for the konohiki”
(Kosaki, 1954:14).
Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos (see Section 7.3) spoke to the importance of access to marine
resources noting that that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been even more dependent
on subsistence including fishing.
8.3 Mo‘olelo and Wahi Pana
The traditional place name for the moku of Līhu‘e was Puna, which means “spring of water.”
Līhu‘e (literally translated as “cold chill;” Pukui et al. 1974:132) became the modern political
name for the traditional moku of Puna. According to Ethel Damon (1931:402), the name Līhu‘e
was first applied to this area by Kaikio‘ewa, Governor of Kaua‘i in the 1830s, perhaps after
Kaikio‘ewa’s upcountry residence on the island. This late derivation of the name has been recently
disputed (Griffin 2012:46).
Pukui et al. (1974:75) describe Kalapakī Ahupua‘a as a land division and a beach, but no
meaning is presented. Pukui and Elbert (1986:122) define the word kalapakī (with a small “k”) as
“double-yolked egg, Kaua‘i.” Kalapakī was also the name of a village located along the coast.
According to Hammatt and Creed (1993:22), Land Commission documents demonstrate that the
“village of Kalapakī” was synonymous with the “‘ili of Kuuhai.” According to a collection of
Kaua‘i place names by Kelsey (n.d.), Kalapakī was also known in traditional times as “Ahukini.”
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The traditional kaʻao mention numerous place names associated with the area. The place name
Līhu‘e is mentioned in the “Legend of Uweuwelekehau” (Fornander 1918-1919:5:196–197). In
the mo‘olelo, “The Goddess Pele,” two place names in the vicinity of the present project area are
mentioned, Ninini and Ahukini (Rice 1977:14). In “The Menehunes,” Ninini is also mentioned as
a favorite place for the sport of jumping off cliffs into the sea (Rice 1977:44).
There were three heiau in Kalapakī, Ahukini (sometimes written Ahuhini) near Ahukini Point,
Ninini Heiau near Ninini Point, and an unnamed heiau near Kūki‘i Point. Ahukini has been
translated as “altar [for] many [blessings],” and this was also the name of a heiau in Kāne‘ohe,
O‘ahu. The heiau was likely named for Ahukini-a-la‘a, one of the three sons of La‘a-mai-kahiki,
an ancestor of the Kaua‘i chiefly lines. Ahukini lived about AD 1250 (Wichman 1998:61) and
became the ali‘i nui (supreme chief) of the Puna district (Wichman 2003:39). Ninini has been
translated as “pour,” as in ninini wai, to pour water. Ninini Heiau (SIHP No. 100) and Ahukini
Heiau (SIHP No. 101) were both described by Bennett as totally destroyed. According to Thrum
(Bennett 1931:125), Ahukini was “[a] heiau of medium size; foundations only now remain.”
Damon (1931:398) lists four heiau, Kalapakī, Ahukini, Ninini, and Pohako‘ele‘ele, so it is possible
that the unnamed heiau was called Pohako‘ele‘ele.
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Section 9 Summary and Recommendations
CSH undertook this cultural impact evaluation and consultation at the request of Hōkūala. The
research broadly covered the entire ahupua‘a of Kalapakī, including the current project area.
9.1 Results of Background Research
Background research for this study yielded the following results, presented in approximate
chronological order:
1. The original moku for the study area covered in this report was Puna, which means “spring
of water.” Līhu‘e (literally translated as “cold chill;” Pukui et al. 1974:132) became the
modern political name for the traditional moku of Puna. According to Ethel Damon
(1931:402), the name Līhu‘e was first applied to this area by Kaiki‘oewa, Governor of
Kaua‘i in the 1830s, perhaps after Kaiki‘oewa’s upcountry residence on the island. This
late derivation of the name has been recently disputed (Griffin 2012:46).
2. The ahupua‘a of Kalapakī is described as a land division and a beach in Pukui et al.
(1974:75), but no meaning is presented. Pukui and Elbert (1986:122) define the word
kalapakī (with a small “k”) as “double-yolked egg, Kaua‘i.” Kalapakī was also the name
of a village located along the coast. According to Hammatt and Creed (1993:22), Land
Commission documents demonstrate that the “village of Kalapakī” was synonymous with
the “‘ili of Kuuhai.” According to a collection of Kaua‘i place names by Kelsey (n.d.),
Kalapakī was also known in traditional times as “Ahukini.”
3. The traditional kaʻao mention numerous place names associated with the area. The place
name Līhu‘e is mentioned in the “Legend of Uweuwelekehau” (Fornander 1918-
1919:5:196–197). In the mo‘olelo, “The Goddess Pele,” two place names in the vicinity of
the present project area are mentioned, Ninini and Ahukini (Rice 1977:14). In “The
Menehunes,” Ninini is also mentioned as a favorite place for the sport of jumping off cliffs
into the sea (Rice 1977:44).
4. In pre-Contact and early historic times, the ahupua‘a of Kalapakī was permanently
inhabited and intensively used. At the coastal areas were concentrations of permanent
house sites and temporary shelters, heiau, ko‘a and kū‘ula, and numerous trails. The kula
of these ahupua‘a contained native forests and were cultivated with crops of wauke, ‘uala,
and ipu.
5. There were three heiau in Kalapakī, Ahukini (sometimes written Ahuhini) near Ahukini
Point, Ninini Heiau near Ninini Point, and an unnamed heiau near Kūki‘i Point. Ninini
Heiau (SIHP No. 100) and Ahukini Heiau (SIHP No. 101) were both described by Bennett
as totally destroyed. Damon (1931:398) lists four heiau, Kalapakī, Ahukini, Ninini, and
Pohako‘ele‘ele, so it is possible that the unnamed heiau was called Pohako‘ele‘ele.
6. Traditional fishing villages were once located near the seashore at Kalapakī, east and north
(around and up the coast) of Kalapakī Beach. Loko and small drainages were inland of
these settlement areas.
7. Land Commission documents indicate a land use pattern that may be unique to this part of
the island, or to Kaua‘i in general, in which lo‘i and kula lands are described in the same
‘āpana, with houselots in a separate portion. In most places, kula lands are defined as drier
landscapes, and they do not typically occur next to, and among, wetter lo‘i lands. Also,
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according to Hammatt and Creed (1993:23), “there are several [LCA] references to other
lo‘i next to the beach which indicate wetland cultivation extending right to the shoreline.”
This is another type of land use that seems to be fairly unique to Kaua‘i.
8. Victoria Kamāmalu was awarded the ahupua‘a of Hanamā‘ulu and Kalapakī under Land
Commission Award (LCA) 7713:2. The Victoria Kamāmalu award (LCA 7713:2 part 7)
includes all the land within the present project area. There were no commoner awards
anywhere nearby. The locations of kuleana or commoner land claims of the Māhele (1848-
1853) in Kalapakī Ahupua‘a are clumped in two areas, along the floodplain of the north
side of Nāwiliwili Stream (just back from the coast, south of Rice Street) and on the shore,
back from Kalapakī Beach of Nāwiliwili Bay.
9. There were 13 claims in Kalapakī, of which 12 were awarded. The cultivation of taro
(kalo), the major staple, was along the Nāwiliwili Stream flood plains and along the smaller
brooks of Kalapakī and Koenaawa where there were springs. The house lots in Kalapakī
were at the shore. The only crop other than kalo mentioned specifically in Kalapakī is
wauke. Additionally, more than one claim in Kalapakī mentions the fishponds of
Koenaawa. Two streams—Koenaawa nui and Koenaawa iki—are identified in the claims
but neither is named on current maps. Most Kalapakī claimants lived, however, at the shore
in the “kulana kauhale” or village of Kalapakī, located behind Kalapakī Beach on
Nāwiliwili Bay. Several of the claimants describe their village house lots in relation to the
fishponds of Koenaawa (Koenaawainui and Koenaawaiki). There is also a description of
the muliwai or estuary of Koenaawanui.
10. Following the death of Victoria Kamāmalu in 1866, her lands were inherited by Princess
Ruth Ke‘elikōlani. In 1870, Ke‘elikōlani sold large portions of her Kalapakī and Līhu‘e
lands to William Hyde Rice of Lihue Plantation. William Hyde Rice made subsequent land
purchases from Princess Ruth in 1879 including a large makai section of the ahupua‘a of
Kalapakī and there conducted the Lihue Ranch. In later years he sold most of this land to
the plantation (Damon 1931:747).
11. A State Archives document listed only as Land Matters, Document 11 mentioned that the
konohiki had proprietary rights to fish caught in the bay. Document No. 11 lists ana‘e
(mature mullet) as the protected fish of Hanamā‘ulu, and uhu (parrot fish) for Kalapakī.
These protected fish are part of the konohiki resources, which he or she would use to meet
his/her obligations to superior chiefs, governors/governesses and the King or Queen.
12. Pigs, sweet potatoes, and salt, among other items, were traded to the earliest sailing vessels
arriving in Hawai‘i (post 1794) and it is likely that in Līhu‘e District, as elsewhere, the
production of these items increased beyond the needs of the immediate family and their
expected contributions to their chiefs during this period of early visiting voyagers.
13. The plantation at Līhu‘e was first established in 1849 by Henry A. Pierce; Judge Wm. Little
Lee, the chairman of the Land Commission; and Charles Reed Bishop. It became Lihue
Plantation in 1850. A steam-powered mill was built in 1853 at Lihue Plantation, the first
use of steam power on a Hawaiian sugar plantation. Another important innovation at Līhu‘e
was created in 1856, when William H. Rice completed the 10-mile-long Hanamā‘ulu Ditch,
the first large-scale irrigation project for any of the sugar plantations (Moffatt and
Fitzpatrick 1995:103).
14. Plantation labor was brought in from many countries and these new laborers brought some
of their own cash crops. Rice production was an off-shoot industry of the sugar plantation
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in the 1870s, since many of the new Chinese plantation workers began to grow rice for
themselves and then for trade with California. Japanese immigrants, by the end of the
nineteenth century did the same and took over many of the Chinese rice paddies. In general,
rice planters used abandoned taro fields, but made the patches larger than the traditional
taro lo‘i. This is probably true of the Kalapakī floodplain.
15. A series of maps and aerial photographs indicate the project area was a sea of commercial
sugar cane between 1910 (see Figure 9) and 1965 (see Figure 15).
16. During the second half of the twentieth century the project area was a portion of Kalapakī
lands transformed by resort development on Kaua‘i. The Kauai Surf Hotel on Kalapakī
Bay was developed by Inter-Island Resorts in 1960. Then in 1970, the adjacent Kauai Surf
Golf Course opened. Subsequently, in the mid-1980s, these Kalapakī properties were sold
or leased to Hemmeter-VMS Kauai Company, which began development of the Westin
Kauai Lagoons Resort on approximately 850 acres. In 1991, the Kauai Lagoons Resort was
sold to Shinwa Golf Kabushiki Kaisha, which operated the resort and golf courses under
Kauai Lagoons Resort Company, Ltd. The approximately 700-acre property, including the
present project area, was acquired by Kauai Development LLC and KD Golf Ownership
LLC in 2004 and the resort prospers into the twenty-first century as “Hōkūala.”
9.2 Results of Community Consultations
CSH attempted to contact Hawaiian organizations, agencies, and community members as well
as cultural and lineal descendants in order to identify individuals with cultural expertise and/or
knowledge of the project area and vicinity. Community outreach letters were sent to a total of 29
individuals or groups; 2 responded (see Section 7.3) and 0 of these kama‘āina and/or kūpuna met
with CSH for more in-depth interview.
9.3 Impacts and Recommendations
Based on information gathered from the community consultation, participants voiced and
framed their concerns in a cultural context.
1. Both Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos, Community Relations Specialist for the Office of
Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) and Mr. Jan TenBruggencate, President, Mālama Hule‘ia,
stressed the importance of public access both to access the coast for fishing and
gathering of marine resources and simply for recreation (walking, biking). It is
recommended that public access not be impeded by the proposed petition area changes.
2. Project construction workers and all other personnel involved in the construction and
related activities of the project should be informed of the possibility of inadvertent
cultural finds, including human remains. In the event that any potential historic
properties are identified during construction activities, all activities should cease in that
area and the SHPD should be notified pursuant to HAR §13-280-3. In the event that iwi
kūpuna (Native Hawaiian skeletal remains) are identified, all earth moving activities in
the area should stop, the area cordoned off, and the SHPD notified pursuant to HAR
§13-300.
3. In the event that iwi kūpuna and/or cultural finds are encountered during construction,
cultural and lineal descendants of the area should be consulted to develop a reinterment
plan and cultural preservation plan for proper cultural protocol, curation, and long-term
maintenance.
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9.4 Ka Pa‘akai Analysis
In Ka Pa‘akai vs Land Use Commission, 94 Hawai‘i (2000) the Court held the following
analysis also be conducted:
1. The identity and scope of valued cultural, historical, or natural resources in the project area,
including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised
in the project area;
2. The extent to which those resources—including traditional and customary native Hawaiian
rights—will be affected or impaired by the proposed action; and
3. The feasible action, if any, to be taken by the LUC to reasonably protect native Hawaiian
Rights if they are found to exist.
Based on information gathered from the cultural and historical background, and community
consultation for this project, no culturally significant resources were identified within the project
area. At present, there is no documentation or testimony indicating traditional or customary Native
Hawaiian rights are currently being exercised “for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and
possessed by ahupua‘a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the
Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778” (Hawai‘i State Constitution, Article XII, Section 7) within the
project area. While no cultural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified as currently existing
within the project area, Kalapakī Ahupua‘a maintains a rich cultural history in the exercise of
traditional or customary Native Hawaiian rights within the project ahupua‘a.
9.4.1 Kalapakī Ahupua‘a
The archaeological record in Līhu‘e District indicates a date range of ca. AD 1100 to 1650 for
early Hawaiian occupation (Walker, Kajima and Goodfellow 1991). As pointed out by Franklin
and Walker (1994), important ahupua‘a with large rivers lie north and south of Kalapakī (Franklin
and Walker 1994:17). Adjacent to the north, Hanamā‘ulu offered an extraordinary bay and an
extensive and broad river flood plain. To the south are located the broad Hulē‘ia River Valley and
the ahupua‘a of Ha‘ikū. Kalapakī Ahupua‘a thus would have had less varied pre-Contact resources
than the larger neighboring ahupua‘a.
In pre-Contact Hawai‘i, the coastal zone of Kalapakī and Hanamā‘ulu was the locus for
permanent habitation, heiau, and numerous major cross-ahupua‘a and inter-ahupua‘a trails. There
were fishponds at Kalapakī, and major garden activities were within the valley floodplain on the
north side of Nāwiliwili River. In the dryland areas (kula) crops of wauke, sweet potatoes, gourds
and trees were likely but no traces of these crops have been documented to date.
The Māhele records, archeological surveys and ethno-historical accounts confirm that in
traditional Hawaiian times, habitation was tightly focused just back from the shoreline of Kalapakī
Beach at Nāwiliwili Bay with intensive irrigated agriculture focused on the north side of the
Nāwiliwili stream valley. At the shoreline, activities included the farming of fishponds and homes.
Mauka, the Nāwiliwili stream valley contained the ahupua‘a lo‘i kalo and some wauke gardens.
During the mid-19th century, the Māhele claims describe small villages just back from the shore
at both Kalapakī Beach of Nāwiliwili Bay and neighboring Hanamā‘ulu Bay. The claims report a
fishpond at the shore in Kalapakī. The total number of lo‘i mentioned in Kalapakī was 56, the
number of houses was 9, and there were 5 kula lands mentioned (Mitchell et al. 2005:26).
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All known heiau for Kalapakī Ahupua‘a (there is evidence of four: Ninini, Ahukini,
Pohakoelele, and one at Kūki‘i Point) were immediately coastal. The coastal zone distribution of
heiau seems quite normative for Kaua‘i ahupua‘a other than those of Wailua and Waimea.
There are several references to kapa (bark cloth) in the legends, one in particular where the tapa
is being made to give as a wedding gift. There may well have been additional wauke plantations
on the plains in the pre-Contact period in Kalapakī Ahupua‘a.
Archaeological remains of a terrace and midden along the Kalapakī coast (Hammatt 1998)
indicate other, at least intermittently used, shoreline habitations existed that were not included in
the Māhele records. Shorelines are also traditional burial areas.
Inland, in areas of Kaua‘i like Kilohana Crater, birds were caught for food (Damon 1931, story
of Lauhaka). Typically, kuleana holders would have had access to wood and herbs in the uplands
and in the mountains the bird catchers and canoe makers would have had temporary shelters but
the present records are silent on these activities for Kalapakī.
9.4.2 The Project Area Vicinity
The coastal plains, back from the coast and away from potable water, like the present project
area, were typically less intensively utilized in traditional Hawaiian times. Utilization likely
focused on dryland cultigens – such as sweet potatoes, dryland taro, wauke, ti leaf, and possibly
banana, particularly in more mauka areas. Timber and medicinal plants may also have been
available for gathering. Annual rainfall at the neighboring Līhu‘e Airport station is 997 mm (39.25
inches) (Giambelluca et al. 2013) which is suggested to be marginal for non-irrigated agriculture.
The rainfall gradient is substantial; with Kilohana (the Kukaua Station, Giambelluca et al. 2013)
receiving annual rainfall of 2,490 mm. Thus dry land planting areas further mauka were almost
certainly more attractive. We have little detail on the environment before Lihue Plantation
activities, but the Lt. George G. Jackson (RM 902) description of the vicinity as “Level grass land
with volcanic boulders” seems likely. The inland coastal plains may have been savannah lands
where grasses like pili were harvested for construction purposes.
There are no records of major trails running through the project area. Such trails within Kalapakī
would likely have been located more mauka or makai quite close to the shoreline.
9.4.2.1 Archaeological Resources
An Archaeological Assessment study (Hammatt 1990) and follow-up archaeological field
inspection (present study)) have identified no archaeological resources in the project area and none
are believed as likely to be present..
Historical records, maps and photographs, and archaeological fieldwork support that sugarcane
cultivation and development of plantation infrastructure was the dominant land use within the
project area and surrounding lands. The documented pattern (Shideler and Hammatt 2021:30) is
that historic properties are immediately coastal. It is certainly possible that there was traditional
Hawaiian and early historic period land use further inland and that the traces of this were simply
lost as a result of decades of intensive sugar cane cultivation but it seems that the pattern of
traditional Hawaiian land use was very much in the Hanamā‘ulu stream valley (well to the
northwest) and Nāwiliwili stream valley (well to the southwest) where the LCAs overwhelmingly
were, and immediately along the coast particularly back of Kalapakī Beach at Nāwiliwili Bay.
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Ms. Cheryl Lovell-Obatake, kama‘āina of Kalapakī and cultural specialist, was interviewed by
CSH on October 20, 2005: When Ms. Lovell-Obatake spoke of archaeological sites she spoke of
“the coast and Kalapakī Point” (Mitchell et al. 2005:23)
9.4.2.2 Burials
Seemingly no burials have been previously documented within a kilometer of the project area
(Shideler and Hammatt 2021:33). Wendell C. Bennett briefly references burials in his “Site 103.
Dune burials. In the sand dunes that run along the shore halfway between Hanamaulu and Wailua
River are many burials.” (1931:125). This locus of burials is well to the north. At least some burials
would be expected at Kalapakī but these would be expected to be almost exclusively in the Jaucus
sands immediately adjacent to the coast. Both the distance from the coast and the Lihue silty clay
(LhB) and Lihue gravelly silt clay (LIB) soils of the project area (Foote et al. 1972:). Would not
have encouraged burial there.
Ms. Lovell-Obatake specifically noted that she “never heard of any burials in the area of study.”
(Mitchell et al. 2005: 23).
9.4.2.3 Faunal Resources
Activities associated with faunal resources have and continue to be focused on marine
resources. Ms. Cheryl Lovell-Obatake expressed her concern for marine resources and Ms. Sabra
Kauka for fisherman using the coast (Mitchell et al. 2005: 24-25). Ms. Kauka also expressed her
concern for Shearwater birds:
Fourthly, I go to mālama the rare Shearwater birds that lay their eggs in the rock
walls, boulders and bushes along the coast. I have been taking my 3rd and 4th grade
students from Island School to count, capture, weigh, measure, and return the
chicks to their nesting sites for the past two years. We have a special permit from
the Department of Land & Natural Resources, State Forestry Division, to do this
work. Last year we counted 38 chicks there. This year, unfortunately, a predator
has eliminated them. We don’t know what predator it is but we couldn’t find any
chinks. This bird is very important to me and my students because it teaches them
the connection between the kai and the ‘aina. It teaches them that what humans do
at sea and on the land affect other life on earth. If the birds have nowhere to nest,
their species will die. If they have not fish and squid to eat, if man overharvests the
ocean, the birds will have nothing to eat. They are an indicator that there is still fish
in the sea for them and for us. There is still land for them and for us. [Mitchell et
al. 2005: 24]
The Shearwater nesting is understood as immediately coastal. No evidence of sea bird nesting
has been reported for the project area. No accounts of hunting have been identified in association
with this project area.
9.4.2.4 Earth Resources
No traditional use of the stones (or soft sediments) within the project area has been documented.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Summary and Recommendations
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
75
9.4.2.5 Plant Resources
The project area is basically maintained lawns of the Hōkūala Resort with some landscaping
(mostly resort-planted coconut palms and naupaka).
9.4.2.6 Trails
In traditional times, trails were well used for travel within the ahupua‘a between mauka and
makai and laterally between ahupua‘a. A historical trail system existed on Kaua‘i which often ran
well inland (approximating modern Kaumuali‘i Highway and Kūhiō Highway effectively acting
as a short cut for travel between ahupua‘a. A coastal trail would have been used for access to
marine resources and recreation, but this would have been quite close to the coast.
Cheryl Lovell-Obatake spoke of “sacred trails that run from Nāwiliwili side coming from
Kalapakī Point along the coast.” But these were understood to be quite close to the coast (Mitchell
et al. 2005:23).
Doubtlessly there were major mauka / makai trails but these would have been anticipated to be
focused on connecting centers of habitation, like inland of Kalapakī Beach to the uplands.
There are no records of trails running through the Hōkūala resort area (Mitchell et al. 2005:27).
Both Ms. Donna Kaliko Santos, Community Relations Specialist for the Office of Hawaiian
Affairs (OHA) and Mr. Jan TenBruggencate, President, Mālama Hule‘ia, stressed the importance
of public access both to access the coast for fishing and gathering of marine resources and simply
for recreation (walking, biking). It is recommended that public access not be impeded by the
proposed petition area changes. This issue of access was not directly related to traditional Hawaiian
trail alignments per se but does reflect a traditional pattern of access to the coast across a relatively
open “level grass land with volcanic boulders here and there” (see Figure 8).
9.4.2.7 Wahi Pana
Storied places in the vicinity would have included the four (possibly just three) Kalapakī heiau:
Ninini, Ahukini, Pohakoelele, and one at Kūki‘i Point) as well as the cove of Kalapakī Beach and
Nāwiliwili Stream. Further inland, Kilohana was a storied landform. The vicinity of the present
project area was relatively featureless and no wahi pana in the immediate vicinity are known.
9.4.2.8 Valued Cultural, Historical, or Natural Resources in the Project Area
The project area was a sea of sugar cane of the Lihue Plantation for many decades. Since the
end of sugar cane cultivation the land has pretty much been maintained as lawns with modest
landscaping by the resort.
9.4.3 The Extent to which Traditional and Customary Native Hawaiian Resources will be
Affected by the Proposed Action
Given the location well-back from the coast, with no notable landforms in the vicinity, the
relatively low rainfall, the absence of natural potable surface water, the prior land history of
intensive sugar cane cultivation with frequent plowing of the entire project area and the prevailing
vegetation regime dominated by lawns and modest resort landscaping.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 Summary and Recommendations
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
76
9.4.4 Feasible Action, if any, to be Taken to Reasonably Protect Native Hawaiian Rights
No adverse impact on cultural resources or practices is anticipated. No other customary resource
has come to light in the historic background research, fieldwork or in the consultation outreach.
The consideration of traditional and customary Native Hawaiian practices in this study does
document some of the resources and practices on coastal lands, and across the airport runway to
the east and emphasizes the import of consideration of these practices for any development
activities that may be proposed there.
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: KALAPAKI 7 References Cited
Cultural Impact Assessment for the Hōkūala Petition Area, Kalapakī, Līhu‘e, Kauaʻi
TMKs: [4] 3-5-001:027 por., 168 por. and 177 and [4] 3-5-004:100-109 TMK: [4] 3-5-001:006 por.
77
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EXHIBIT “C”
Entitlements Timeline
(July 2021)
Hōkūala Resort Entitlements Timeline
1
APPROVAL DATE ENTITLEMENTS
September 19, 2002 Zoning and Visitor Destination Area Ordinance No. PM-2002-363
[SUPERSEDED]
Zoning amendment of portion of Kaua‘i Lagoons Resort from Resort
District (RR-20), Agriculture District (A), and Open District (O) to Resort
District (RR-20), Residential District (R-20), General Commercial District
(CG), General Industrial District/Special Treatment District (IG/STP),
Limited Industrial District (IL), and Open District (O).
Condition no. 1 established a maximum density of 750 units.
February 18, 2005 Kaua‘i Lagoons Resort Affordable Housing Agreement
This agreement and its subsequent amendments, all with an effective
date of February 18, 2005, provided for permanent affordable housing for
a total of 113 affordable housing units.
August 23, 2005 SMA (U)-2005-8, PDU U-2005-26, Use U-2005-25, and Class IV Zoning
Permit Z-IV-2005-30
Proposed approximately 723 hotel/residential units, along with 24
affordable housing units and support facilities.
September 29, 2006 General Plan Ordinance No. PM-2006-382
General Plan amendment for approximately 190 acres from Open to
Resort designation.
Zoning Ordinance No. PM-2006-383 [SUPERSEDED]
Zoning amendment of approximately 66.7 acres from Open District (O) to
Residential District (R-2), Resort District (RR-10), and Resort District (RR-
20); and from Limited Industrial District (I-L) to Residential District (R-20).
Condition No. 1 established a density cap of no more than 750 dwelling
units or hotel/ motel rooms. The affordable housing units constructed
within the areas rezoned are not counted as part of the density cap.
Visitor Destination Area Ordinance No. PM-2006-384
Designation of approximately 230.8 acres as a Visitor Destination Area.
June 10, 2008 Amendment to SMA (U)-2005-8, PDU U-2005-26, Use U-2005-25, Class
IV Zoning Permit Z-IV-2005-30, and Special Permit SP-2008-4
Proposed revised master plan for the balance of the development
including approximately 407 resort residential units, along with 31
affordable housing units, and support facilities.
Special Permit granted to allow the proposed tennis court complex to be
developed within a portion of land located in the State Agricultural District.
Hōkūala Resort Entitlements Timeline
2
APPROVAL DATE ENTITLEMENTS
August 11, 2009 Second Amendment to SMA (U)-2005-8, PDU U-2005-26, Use U-2005-
25, Class IV Zoning Permit Z-IV-2005-30, and Withdrawal of Special
Permit SP-2008-4
Revisions to master plan to provide, within the previously approved 750-
unit density cap, approximately 387 resort residential units and support
facilities.
Special Permit for the proposed tennis court complex withdrawn.
October 30, 2009 State Land Use District Ordinance No. PM-2009-392
Amendment of approximately 14.6 acres from the State Agricultural
District to the State Urban District.
General Plan Ordinance No. PM-2009-393
Amendment of approximately 19.1 acres from Open to Resort
designation.
Zoning Ordinance No. PM-2009-394
Zoning amendment of approximately 88.3 acres from Open District (O) to
Residential District (R-2), Resort District (RR-10), and Resort District (RR-
20); and from Limited Industrial District (I-L) to Residential District (R-20).
Condition no. 1 establishes a density cap of no more than a total of 772
dwelling units or hotel/motel rooms. The affordable housing units
constructed within the areas rezoned are not counted as part of the
density cap.
Visitor Destination Area Ordinance No. PM-2009-395
Designation of approximately 9.2 acres as a Visitor Destination Area.
January 12, 2010 Third Amendment to SMA (U)-2005-8, PDU U-2005-26, Use U-2005-25,
and Class IV Zoning Permit Z-IV-2005-30
Assigned a density of 22 dwelling units to three (3) separate single-family
residential subdivisions within the Resort.
The density equivalent was assigned from a 138-acre oceanfront parcel
located adjacent to and east of Lihue Airport, which was conveyed to the
County for public purposes.
September 6, 2016 Departmental Determination DD-2017-7
Revisions to unit-type mix within the approved 772 dwelling units.
April 24, 2018 SMA(M)-2018-22
Repair and refurbishment of the existing commercial center at TMK: (4) 3-
5-001:173.
EXHIBIT “D”
Agency Comments
(July 2021)
COUNTY OF KAUA'I
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
4444 RICE STREET,SUITE A473 LlHU'E,HAWAI'I 96766
(808)241-4050
FROM:Kaaina S.Hull,Director (Jodi)6/10/2021
SUBJECT:
TO:
Zoning Amendment ZA-2021-3,2014 Kauai Lagoons GolfLlc
Tower Kauai Lagoons Sub 1,Sub 7,Land,Llc.,Applicant
D Department ofTransportation -STP DPW-Engineering
DOT-Highway,Kauai(info only)DPW-WastewateraDOT-Airports,Kauai (info only)D DPW-Building
DOT-Harbors,Kauai (info only)DPW-SolidWaste
State Department ofHealth Department ofParks &Recreation
State Department ofAgricuIture Fire-Dep artment
State Office ofPlanning D County Housing-Agency
D State Dept.ofBus.&Econ.Dev.Tourism D County Economic Development
State Laiid Use Commission KHPRC
State Historic Preservation Division Water Department
D DLNR-Land Management a Kaua'i Civil DefenseaDLNR-Foresty &Wildlife a U.S.Postal Department
DLNR-Aquatic Resources D UH Sea GrantaDLNR-OCCL County Transportation Agency
a Other:
^o^Kt^T O^^X'^^ycT.
T^^f^/
FOR YOUR COMMENTS (pertaining to your department):
'.'2'*<^<»7-\
GTft V^'W
JUN I 4 2021
^CountyofK.i^itgency
This matter is scheduled for a public hearing before the County ofKauai Planning Commission on
7/13/2021 at the Lihue Civic Center,Moikeha Building,Meeting Room 2A-2B,4444 Rice Street,
Lihue,Kauai,at 9:00 am or soon thereafter.Ifwe do not receive your agency comments within one (1)
month from the date ofthis request,we will assume that there are no objections to this permit request.
Mahalo!
COUNTY OF KAUA'I
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
4444 RICE STREET,SUITE A473,LIHU'E,HI 96766
Phone:(808)241-4050
TO:Kaaina S.Hull,Director (Jodi)Date:6/10/2021
SUBJECT:Zoning Amendment,ZA-2021-3,2014 Kaua'i Lagoons GolfLlc
TowerKaua'i Lagoons Sub 1,Sub 7,Land,Llc.,Applicant
PW 06.21.050
FROM:
1I Department of Transportation -STP
DOT-Highways,Kaua'i (info only)1I
Q DOT-Airports,Kaua'i (info only)Q
DOT-Harbors,Kaua'i (info only)Q
S StateDepartmentofHealth Q
11 StateDepartmentofAgriculture ^l
State Office ofPlanning [_]
11 StateDept.ofBus.Econ,Dev.Tourism I1
1I State Land Use Commission [_|
^]State Historic Preservation Division
Q DLNR -Land Management Q
E]DLNR-Forestry&WUdlife D
[_]DLNR -Aquatic Resoiirces
D DLNR-OCCL S
D
DPW -Wastewater
DPW -Building
DPW -Solid Waste
Department ofParks &Recreation
Fire Department
County Housing Agency
County Economic Development
KHPRC
Water Department
Kaua'i Civil Defense
U.S.Postal Department
UH sea grant
County Transportation Agency
Other:
July6,2021FORYOURCOMMENTS(pertaining to your department):
We have completed our review ofZoning Amendment ZA-2021-3 for Tower Kaua'i Lagoons
and 2014 Kaua'i Lagoons GolfLLC.The proposed amendment will modify the existing zoning
designation to allow for a higher-density development at future Subdivisions 1 and 1A and allow
for a significant reduction in density at Lot 10C.We offer the following comments.
1.The applicant shall provide a drainage study to evaluate and mitigate drainage impacts of any
potential increase in storm water runoff generated by the increase in impervious area from the
proposed development.In accordance with the County's Storm Water Runoff System
Manual,the development is required to maintain both the 2-year and 100-year stonn flows at
or below the predevelopment flow rates and conditions.
2.A grading and/or grubbing permit in compliance with the County's Sediment and Erosion
Control Ordinance No.808 is required ifthe work area exceeds one (1)acre and/or grading
involving excavation or embankment or combination thereof exceeds more than 100 cubic
yards.
ZA-2021-3
July6,2021
Page2
PW 06.21.050
3.Best management practices (BMPs)shall be incorporated to the maximum extent practicable
to prevent damage by sedimentation,erosion,or dust to watercourses,natural areas,and other
properties.The permittee and the property owner shall be responsible to ensure that BMPs
are satisfactorily implemented at all times.
Very truly yours,
MM/PT
Copy:Design and Permitting
MICHAEL MOULE,P.E.
Chief,Engineering Division
This matter is scheduled for a public hearing before the County ofKaua'i Planning Commission
on 7/13/2021,at the Lihu'e Civic Center,Moikeha Building,Meeting Room 2A-2B,4444 Rice
Street,Lihu e,Kauai,at 9:00 am or soon thereafter.Ifwe do not receive your agency comments
within 1 month from the date ofthis request,we will assume there are no objections to this
pemiit request.Mahalo!